INTRODUCTION. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a haematological neoplasm and accounts for the highest percentage of leukaemia-associated deaths. The standard therapy for AML patients consists of first-line induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin, followed by appropriate consolidation therapy. However, patients who are unfit for high doses of chemotherapy are treated with venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, in association with hypomethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine. Unfortunately, most AML patients are refractory or develop secondary resistance to venetoclax. Therefore, this study aimed to test new pharmacological strategies which selectively sensitize leukemic cells to the combination of venetoclax and azacitidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS. AML cell lines with different response levels to venetoclax were treated in vitro with increasing concentrations of venetoclax and inhibitors of G6PD or CAIX to evaluate the synergistic activity of pharmacological combinations with Bliss analysis. Quantitative Real-Time PCR and western blot evaluated the expression of specific molecular targets. Primary samples were isolated from AML patients’ bone marrow or peripheral blood by Ficoll gradient separation and tested for their response to drug combinations in short-term or long-term experiments. Cell death and mitochondrial ROS accumulation were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS. Data show a synergistic activity between the proposed inhibitors and venetoclax+5-azacitidine in enhancing apoptosis in leukemic cells. Furthermore, the long-term experiments on primary AML samples highlight the long-lasting anti-leukemic effect of these pharmacological combinations, compared with the rapid onset of resistance in samples treated with venetoclax+azacitidine alone. CONCLUSION. Results demonstrate that the inhibition of G6PD and CAIX in association with venetoclax+azacitidine in AML cells could represent new, promising therapeutic strategies that support standard treatments. This would allow the selective death of leukemic cells and reduce the risk of developing resistance or relapse.
INTRODUZIONE. La Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (AML) è una patologia oncoematologica che rappresenta la percentuale più elevata di decessi da leucemia. L’approccio terapeutico convenzionale utilizzato in pazienti affetti da AML consiste in un trattamento chemioterapico di induzione con citarabina e daunorubicina, seguito da una terapia di consolidamento. Tuttavia, pazienti non eleggibili per la chemioterapia standard vengono trattati con venetoclax, un inibitore di BCL-2, in combinazione con agenti ipometilanti, come 5-azacitidina. Purtroppo, una grande percentuale di pazienti è refrattaria o sviluppa resistenza secondaria a venetoclax, con conseguente sviluppo di recidive. Per questo motivo, questo studio mira a testare nuove strategie farmacologiche che sensibilizzino selettivamente le cellule leucemiche a venetoclax e azacitidina. MATERIALI E METODI. Linee cellulari di AML con diversi gradi di risposta a venetoclax sono state trattate in vitro con concentrazioni crescenti di venetoclax e inibitori di G6PD o CAIX per valutare l’attività sinergica delle combinazioni farmacologiche attraverso un’analisi Bliss. L’espressione dei target molecolari specifici è stata valutata tramite Real-Time PCR quantitativa e western blot. Campioni primari sono stati isolati da aspirati midollari o sangue periferico di pazienti AML tramite separazione su gradiente di Ficoll e testati per la risposta alle combinazioni farmacologiche in esperimenti short-term o long-term. La morte cellulare e i livelli di ROS mitocondriali sono stati valutati mediante citofluorimetria. RISULTATI. I dati ottenuti evidenziano l’attività sinergica degli inibitori selezionati nell’aumentare l’effetto pro-mortale della terapia combinatoria venetoclax+azacitidina nei confronti delle cellule leucemiche. Inoltre, gli esperimenti long-term su campioni primari da pazienti AML hanno evidenziato la persistenza dell’effetto antileucemico della combinazione farmacologica proposta, che si contrappone alla rapida insorgenza di resistenza nei campioni trattati con solo venetoclax+azacitidina. CONCLUSIONE. I risultati dimostrano come nelle AML l’inibizione di G6PD e di CAIX in associazione a venetoclax+azacitidina rappresentino delle opzioni terapeutiche promettenti e di supporto ai trattamenti convenzionali, permettendo l'eliminazione selettiva di cellule leucemiche e riducendo il rischio sviluppare resistenza o di recidiva.
SVILUPPO DI NUOVE STRATEGIE FARMACOLOGICHE COMBINATORIE PER SUPERARE LA RESISTENZA A VENETOCLAX NELLA LEUCEMIA MIELOIDE ACUTA
SARRI, VERONICA
2023/2024
Abstract
INTRODUCTION. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a haematological neoplasm and accounts for the highest percentage of leukaemia-associated deaths. The standard therapy for AML patients consists of first-line induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and daunorubicin, followed by appropriate consolidation therapy. However, patients who are unfit for high doses of chemotherapy are treated with venetoclax, a BCL-2 inhibitor, in association with hypomethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine. Unfortunately, most AML patients are refractory or develop secondary resistance to venetoclax. Therefore, this study aimed to test new pharmacological strategies which selectively sensitize leukemic cells to the combination of venetoclax and azacitidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS. AML cell lines with different response levels to venetoclax were treated in vitro with increasing concentrations of venetoclax and inhibitors of G6PD or CAIX to evaluate the synergistic activity of pharmacological combinations with Bliss analysis. Quantitative Real-Time PCR and western blot evaluated the expression of specific molecular targets. Primary samples were isolated from AML patients’ bone marrow or peripheral blood by Ficoll gradient separation and tested for their response to drug combinations in short-term or long-term experiments. Cell death and mitochondrial ROS accumulation were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS. Data show a synergistic activity between the proposed inhibitors and venetoclax+5-azacitidine in enhancing apoptosis in leukemic cells. Furthermore, the long-term experiments on primary AML samples highlight the long-lasting anti-leukemic effect of these pharmacological combinations, compared with the rapid onset of resistance in samples treated with venetoclax+azacitidine alone. CONCLUSION. Results demonstrate that the inhibition of G6PD and CAIX in association with venetoclax+azacitidine in AML cells could represent new, promising therapeutic strategies that support standard treatments. This would allow the selective death of leukemic cells and reduce the risk of developing resistance or relapse.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75404