Introduction: The STB project is an international initiative that originated in the USA with the goal of providing non-medical individuals with the necessary skills to intervene in the event of severe hemorrhages, thus reducing response times and potentially improving patient outcomes. The importance of this program lies in its ability to bridge the time gap between the event causing the medical emergency and the arrival of rescue personnel, by training individuals in simple and effective life-saving techniques. Despite its global success, its dissemination in Italy remains limited, highlighting the need for broader societal outreach. Objective: The objective is to analyze, through a literature review, the effectiveness of the STB program aimed at enhancing community skills in managing traumatic hemorrhages, both in terms of course effectiveness and the role of nurses in such education. The paper also aims to create an informational brochure to be used as outreach material for the community and to propose the inclusion of a Stop the Bleed course within the PEIMAF (Intra-Hospital Emergency Plan for Mass Casualties) of hospital facilities. Materials and Methods: A research question was formulated in literal form, from which a search string was derived using the P.I.O. method, along with relevant keywords to target the bibliographic research. A search was conducted using major online databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, ILISI, and the Cochrane Library, later supplemented by the handsearching methodology through the analysis of selected article bibliographies. Results: The bibliographic search yielded 21 articles, including 8 reviews, 2 guidelines, 5 experimental studies, 1 prospective randomized study, 1 prospective randomized clinical trial, 1 randomized controlled clinical trial, 1 cohort study, 1 retrospective analysis, and 1 study from a book. Discussion: Hemorrhage control techniques, such as direct pressure on the wound and the use of tourniquets, are essential in emergency situations. Training "immediate responders" is crucial for providing basic skills to perform life-saving interventions. Well-structured training programs that integrate practical techniques with an understanding of psychological dynamics can enhance the effectiveness of interventions. Although 88% of non-medical personnel can correctly apply a tourniquet with adequate preparation, skill degradation over time poses a significant challenge. Additionally, gender bias in injury assessment was identified, with female blood loss often underestimated compared to male blood loss. The research highlights the need to improve access to emergency kits and promote awareness of injuries to increase survival chances. Barriers such as perceived insufficient preparedness and fear of causing harm influence the use of tourniquets; however, brief educational interventions can significantly increase the willingness to use them. Implications for practice: A brochure outlining the essential steps for managing out-of-hospital hemorrhages was created. It serves as a guide but does not replace the importance of participating in training courses. Furthermore, it is proposed that a Stop the Bleed course be included in the PEIMAF training for hospital facilities. Conclusion: Research highlights that the STB project is a fundamental initiative to promote and enhance life-saving skills among non-medical populations. It suggests that the combination of theoretical and practical training, along with public awareness campaigns, can expand the reach of the project.
Introduzione: Il progetto STB è un'iniziativa internazionale nata negli USA con l'obiettivo di fornire a tutte le persone non sanitarie le competenze necessarie per poter intervenire in caso di emorragie gravi, riducendo così i tempi di intervento e migliorando potenzialmente gli outcome dei feriti. L'importanza di questo programma risiede nella capacità di colmare l’intervallo temporale tra l'evento che ha scaturito l’emergenza sanitaria e l'arrivo dei soccorsi, attraverso l'addestramento all'uso di tecniche salvavita semplici ed efficaci. Nonostante il successo ottenuto a livello globale, in Italia la sua diffusione è ancora limitata, evidenziando la necessità di una maggiore diffusione capillare alla società. Obbiettivo: L'obiettivo è analizzare mediante una revisione della letteratura l'efficacia del programma STB, mirato a potenziare le competenze della comunità nella gestione delle emorragie traumatiche dal punto di vista sia della valutazione dell'efficacia del corso, che del ruolo dell'infermiere in tale educazione. L’elaborato si propone di creare una brochure informativa da utilizzare come materiale di divulgazione alla società ed proporre di inserire un corso STB all’interno dei PEIMAF delle strutture ospedaliere. Materiali e metodi: È stato formulato un quesito di ricerca in forma letterale, dal quale, attraverso il metodo P.I.O. è stata ricavata una stringa di ricerca con le relative parole chiave utili per mirare la ricerca bibliografica. È stata effettuata una ricerca utilizzando le principali banche dati online quali PubMed, Cinhal, Ilisi e Cochrane Library, integrata successivamente con la metodologia handsearching attraverso l'analisi delle bibliografie degli articoli selezionati. Risultati: Dalla ricerca bibliografica sono emersi 21 articoli di cui: n.8 revisioni, n.2 linee guida, n.5 studi sperimentali, n.1 studio prospettico randomizzato, n.1 studio clinico prospettico randomizzato, n.1 studio clinico randomizzato controllato, n.1 studio di coorte, n.1 analisi restrospettiva, n.1 studio tratto da un libro. Discussione: Le tecniche di controllo delle emorragie come la pressione diretta sulla ferita e l'uso di lacci emostatici sono fondamentali nelle situazioni di emergenza. La formazione dei "soccorritori immediati" è cruciale per fornire competenze di base per eseguire interventi salvavita. Programmi di formazione ben strutturati, che integrino tecniche pratiche con la comprensione delle dinamiche psicologiche, possono aumentare l'efficacia degli interventi. Sebbene l'88% dei non sanitari possa applicare correttamente un laccio emostatico con una preparazione adeguata, il degrado delle competenze nel tempo rappresenta una sfida significativa. Inoltre, è emerso un pregiudizio di genere nella valutazione delle lesioni, con le perdite ematiche femminili sottovalutate rispetto a quelle maschili. La ricerca sottolinea la necessità di migliorare l'accesso ai kit di emergenza e promuovere la consapevolezza delle lesioni, al fine di incrementare le possibilità di sopravvivenza. Ostacoli come la percezione di insufficiente preparazione e la paura di causare danni influenzano l’uso dei lacci emostatici; tuttavia, interventi educativi brevi possono aumentare significativamente la volontà di utilizzo. Implicazioni per la pratica: è stata creata una brochure che descrive i passaggi essenziali per la gestione delle emorragie extraospedaliere. Funge da guida senza però sostituire l'importanza della partecipazione ai corsi di formazione. Inoltre si è ipotizzato auspicabile inserire un corso STB all’interno della formazione PEIMAF per le strutture ospedaliere. Conclusione: Le ricerche evidenziano come STB rappresenti un’iniziativa fondamentale per promuovere e aumentare le competenze salvavita nella popolazione non sanitaria. Suggerisce che la combinazione di formazione teorica e pratica, unita a campagne di sensibilizzazione pubblica, possa ampliare la portata del progetto
IL PROGETTO 'STOP THE BLEED' E IL RUOLO DELL'INFERMIERE NELL'EDUCAZIONE DELLA POPOLAZIONE: STRATEGIE PER LA DIFFUSIONE DI COMPETENZE SALVAVITA
ZULIANI, ALICE
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: The STB project is an international initiative that originated in the USA with the goal of providing non-medical individuals with the necessary skills to intervene in the event of severe hemorrhages, thus reducing response times and potentially improving patient outcomes. The importance of this program lies in its ability to bridge the time gap between the event causing the medical emergency and the arrival of rescue personnel, by training individuals in simple and effective life-saving techniques. Despite its global success, its dissemination in Italy remains limited, highlighting the need for broader societal outreach. Objective: The objective is to analyze, through a literature review, the effectiveness of the STB program aimed at enhancing community skills in managing traumatic hemorrhages, both in terms of course effectiveness and the role of nurses in such education. The paper also aims to create an informational brochure to be used as outreach material for the community and to propose the inclusion of a Stop the Bleed course within the PEIMAF (Intra-Hospital Emergency Plan for Mass Casualties) of hospital facilities. Materials and Methods: A research question was formulated in literal form, from which a search string was derived using the P.I.O. method, along with relevant keywords to target the bibliographic research. A search was conducted using major online databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, ILISI, and the Cochrane Library, later supplemented by the handsearching methodology through the analysis of selected article bibliographies. Results: The bibliographic search yielded 21 articles, including 8 reviews, 2 guidelines, 5 experimental studies, 1 prospective randomized study, 1 prospective randomized clinical trial, 1 randomized controlled clinical trial, 1 cohort study, 1 retrospective analysis, and 1 study from a book. Discussion: Hemorrhage control techniques, such as direct pressure on the wound and the use of tourniquets, are essential in emergency situations. Training "immediate responders" is crucial for providing basic skills to perform life-saving interventions. Well-structured training programs that integrate practical techniques with an understanding of psychological dynamics can enhance the effectiveness of interventions. Although 88% of non-medical personnel can correctly apply a tourniquet with adequate preparation, skill degradation over time poses a significant challenge. Additionally, gender bias in injury assessment was identified, with female blood loss often underestimated compared to male blood loss. The research highlights the need to improve access to emergency kits and promote awareness of injuries to increase survival chances. Barriers such as perceived insufficient preparedness and fear of causing harm influence the use of tourniquets; however, brief educational interventions can significantly increase the willingness to use them. Implications for practice: A brochure outlining the essential steps for managing out-of-hospital hemorrhages was created. It serves as a guide but does not replace the importance of participating in training courses. Furthermore, it is proposed that a Stop the Bleed course be included in the PEIMAF training for hospital facilities. Conclusion: Research highlights that the STB project is a fundamental initiative to promote and enhance life-saving skills among non-medical populations. It suggests that the combination of theoretical and practical training, along with public awareness campaigns, can expand the reach of the project.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Zuliani_Alice.pdf
accesso riservato
Dimensione
712.33 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
712.33 kB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75814