Background. In Italy the phenomenon of prolonged hospitalization is very relevant today, also because of the increase in the average age that sees almost a quarter of the population with an age greater than 65 years (ISTAT, 2023). The prolonged duration of hospitalization not only has economic repercussions for the health system, but above all exposes patients to a greater risk of all associated complications, in particular functional decline. Mobilization is therefore essential to maintain the residual autonomy of patients, but it is not always possible to guarantee it due to organizational problems such as lack of healthcare staff and/or aids. In the light of these problems, the caregiver could represent a valuable support in care and sees the need to implement strategies in clinical practice that, through education and involvement of this figure, They allow to promote the functional maintenance of patients. Aims. This review aims to investigate in the literature which are the best programs and/or interventions related to mobilization techniques that, with the involvement of formal/informal caregivers by the nurse, may reduce the risk of immobilization complications associated with prolonged hospitalization and their influence on other outcomes for the patient, caregiver and Health System. Methods. Bibliographical search in the following databases: Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley. The inclusion criteria chosen are: patients 65 years old, formal/informal caregivers > 18 years old, studies examining programs/interventions involving nurses and/or caregivers, studies published in the last 15 years, full text, English or Italian language. Results. The 11 selected studies (6 systematic reviews, 4 RCT and 1 qualitative study) were individually evaluated and grouped into two categories according to the following modalities of involvement of caregivers and/or patients: multicomponent strategies and functional exercises. The interventions reported in the studies have positively influenced mainly the functional outcomes of patients, the psychological well-being of patient and/or caregiver and the use of health resources. Conclusion. Interventions to encourage the active involvement of informal caregivers in the care of elderly patients have the potential to bring about an overall improvement in the quality of life and psychological well-being of both caregivers and patients, and its functional maintenance, which reduces health care costs and ensures quality continuing home care. Keywords. mobilization, hospitalization, caregiver involvement, nurse role, educational strategies, outcomes, negative consequences, quality of life, hospital discharge.
Background. In Italia il fenomeno dei ricoveri prolungati è molto rilevante al giorno d’oggi, anche a causa dell’aumento dell’età media che vede quasi un quarto della popolazione con un’età maggiore ai 65 anni (ISTAT, 2023). La durata protratta del ricovero determina non solo delle ripercussioni dal punto di vista economico per il Sistema sanitario, ma soprattutto espone i pazienti ad un maggior rischio di tutte le complicanze associate, in particolare il declino funzionale. La mobilizzazione, dunque, risulta fondamentale per mantenere l’autonomia residua dei pazienti, ma non sempre è possibile garantirla a causa di problemi organizzativi come la mancanza di personale sanitario e/o di ausili. Alla luce di questi problemi, il caregiver potrebbe rappresentare un valido supporto nell’assistenza e si ravvede la necessità di implementare nella pratica clinica delle strategie che, tramite l’istruzione e il coinvolgimento di questa figura, permettano di favorire il mantenimento funzionale dei pazienti. Obiettivi. La presente revisione si propone di indagare in letteratura quali siano i migliori programmi e/o interventi correlati a tecniche di mobilizzazione che, con il coinvolgimento dei caregiver formali/ informali da parte dell’infermiere, possano ridurre il rischio di complicanze da immobilizzazione associate a ricovero prolungato e la loro influenza su altri esiti del paziente, del caregiver e del Sistema sanitario. Metodo. Ricerca bibliografica nelle seguenti banche dati: Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley. I criteri di inclusione scelti sono: pazienti ≥ 65 anni, caregiver formali/ informali > 18 anni, studi che esaminano programmi/ interventi in cui è coinvolto infermiere e/o caregiver, studi pubblicati negli ultimi 15 anni, full text, lingua inglese o italiana. Risultati. Gli 11 studi selezionati (6 revisioni sistematiche, 4 RCT e 1 studio qualitativo) sono stati valutati singolarmente e raggruppati in due categorie secondo le seguenti modalità di coinvolgimento dei caregiver e/o pazienti: strategie multicomponente ed esercizi funzionali. Gli interventi riportati negli studi hanno influenzato in modo positivo principalmente gli esiti funzionali dei pazienti, il benessere psicologico di paziente e/o caregiver e l’utilizzo delle risorse sanitarie. Conclusioni. Gli interventi volti a favorire il coinvolgimento attivo del caregiver informale nell’assistenza del paziente anziano hanno il potenziale di apportare un miglioramento complessivo della qualità di vita e del benessere psicologico di caregiver e paziente, nonché del suo mantenimento funzionale, permettendo di ridurre i costi sanitari e di garantire cure continuative di qualità al domicilio. Keywords. mobilization, hospitalization, caregiver involvement, nurse role, educational strategies, outcomes, negative consequences, quality of life, hospital discharge.
La prevenzione delle complicanze da allettamento nei ricoveri prolungati con il coinvolgimento attivo del caregiver: una revisione della letteratura
CARRARO, RACHELE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. In Italy the phenomenon of prolonged hospitalization is very relevant today, also because of the increase in the average age that sees almost a quarter of the population with an age greater than 65 years (ISTAT, 2023). The prolonged duration of hospitalization not only has economic repercussions for the health system, but above all exposes patients to a greater risk of all associated complications, in particular functional decline. Mobilization is therefore essential to maintain the residual autonomy of patients, but it is not always possible to guarantee it due to organizational problems such as lack of healthcare staff and/or aids. In the light of these problems, the caregiver could represent a valuable support in care and sees the need to implement strategies in clinical practice that, through education and involvement of this figure, They allow to promote the functional maintenance of patients. Aims. This review aims to investigate in the literature which are the best programs and/or interventions related to mobilization techniques that, with the involvement of formal/informal caregivers by the nurse, may reduce the risk of immobilization complications associated with prolonged hospitalization and their influence on other outcomes for the patient, caregiver and Health System. Methods. Bibliographical search in the following databases: Pubmed, The Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley. The inclusion criteria chosen are: patients 65 years old, formal/informal caregivers > 18 years old, studies examining programs/interventions involving nurses and/or caregivers, studies published in the last 15 years, full text, English or Italian language. Results. The 11 selected studies (6 systematic reviews, 4 RCT and 1 qualitative study) were individually evaluated and grouped into two categories according to the following modalities of involvement of caregivers and/or patients: multicomponent strategies and functional exercises. The interventions reported in the studies have positively influenced mainly the functional outcomes of patients, the psychological well-being of patient and/or caregiver and the use of health resources. Conclusion. Interventions to encourage the active involvement of informal caregivers in the care of elderly patients have the potential to bring about an overall improvement in the quality of life and psychological well-being of both caregivers and patients, and its functional maintenance, which reduces health care costs and ensures quality continuing home care. Keywords. mobilization, hospitalization, caregiver involvement, nurse role, educational strategies, outcomes, negative consequences, quality of life, hospital discharge.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75936