BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, the placement of peripheral and central venous access is a common but crucial procedure to ensure proper administration of therapies and fluids. However, the positioning of such accesses presents challenges, especially in patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA). These patients require a personalized approach and the use of alternative techniques to improve procedural success. The placement of a central venous access, being particularly invasive, requires careful evaluation and must adhere to clear guidelines, using recommendations and decision-making tools to ensure the appropriateness of the intervention and the optimization of care. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to thoroughly analyze current recommendations and their reliability concerning the appropriate placement of a central venous access and to provide algorithms and pathways to guide the selection of the most suitable device. The study also delves into a schematic approach to follow for DIVA patients, exploring alternative management techniques without resorting to unnecessary invasive procedures. METHODS: Databases such as PubMed were consulted, as well as websites focused on vascular access, including GAVeCeLT (Open Study Group on Long-Term Central Venous Access) and the Journal of Vascular Access (JVA). The research focuses on the analysis of data, studies, and current research regarding the phases of selection and insertion of venous accesses. RESULTS: The study shows that a careful and multidisciplinary evaluation for the selection and placement of venous access is crucial to ensuring the effectiveness and safety of the administered therapies. For this reason, specific recommendations and decision-making algorithms have been identified, guiding the choice of the most suitable device based on various factors. The provided guidelines help to standardize procedures and increase efficiency within clinical units, ensuring that patients receive optimal and personalized treatments. This is only possible through close collaboration among the different specialists involved and ongoing updates. The analysis also reveals that proper management of DIVA patients, through a clear definition, standardized approach, and use of advanced techniques, represents a crucial step toward improving healthcare, as it optimizes resources, limits treatment delays, and reduces the exposure to avoidable risks related to procedural failures and the use of unnecessarily invasive devices. To maximize the benefits, however, continuous training of operators is essential. CONCLUSION: This study provides guidance for the most appropriate choice of venous access, also considering DIVA patients and their challenges, based on current recommendations, pathways, and algorithms, as well as the use of advanced techniques such as ultrasound guidance for placing peripheral venous access in DIVA patients. Along with this, the importance of an expert team and continuous staff training is emphasized. A summary sheet is proposed, encapsulating the key aspects covered in this study, which can be used as a guide for an objective assessment of the situation and serves as a filter for improper evaluation requests made to the vascular access expert team.
BACKGROUND: Nella pratica clinica, il posizionamento di accessi venosi periferici e centrali è una pratica comune ma cruciale per garantire un'adeguata somministrazione di terapie e fluidi. Tuttavia, il posizionamento di tali accessi presenta delle sfide, specialmente nei pazienti con accesso venoso difficile (DIVA). Questi pazienti richiedono un approccio personalizzato e l'uso di tecniche alternative per migliorare il successo della procedura. Il posizionamento di un accesso venoso centrale, invece particolarmente invasivo, necessita una scrupolosa valutazione e deve rispondere a chiare indicazioni grazie l’utilizzo di raccomandazioni e strumenti decisionali mirati per garantire appropriatezza dell’intervento e ottimizzazione dell’assistenza. OBIETTIVI: Questo studio mira ad analizzare nel dettaglio le attuali raccomandazioni e la loro attendibilità riguardo le indicazioni per un appropriato posizionamento di un accesso venoso centrale e fornire algoritmi e percorsi per guidare la scelta del dispositivo più idoneo. Lo studio inoltre approfondisce un approccio schematico da seguire nei pazienti DIVA, analizzando le tecniche alternative per la gestione di essi senza dover ricorrere a procedure più invasive non necessarie. METODI: Per la ricerca sono state consultate banche dati come Pubmed in particolar modo e ottenuto informazioni da siti che hanno come oggetto principale gli accessi vascolari, quali GAVeCeLT (Gruppo Aperto di Studio sugli Accessi Venosi Centrali a Lungo Termine) e JVA (Journal of Vascular Access). L’oggetto di ricerca si basa sull’analisi di dati, studi e ricerche attuali riguardanti le fasi di scelta e inserimento di accessi venosi. RISULTATI: Lo studio ci dimostra come una valutazione attenta e multidisciplinare per la scelta e il posizionamento di accessi venosi è cruciale per garantire l’efficacia e la sicurezza delle terapie somministrate. È per questo che sono state individuate specifiche raccomandazioni e algoritmi decisionali che guidano la scelta sul dispositivo più indicato sulla base di diversi fattori. Le linee guida fornite aiutano a standardizzare le procedure e ad aumentare l'efficienza nelle unità, assicurando che i pazienti ricevano trattamenti ottimali e personalizzati. Questo è possibile solo attraverso una stretta collaborazione tra i diversi specialisti coinvolti e un continuo aggiornamento. L’analisi inoltre rivela che una adeguata gestione dei pazienti DIVA, attraverso una definizione chiara, un approccio standardizzato e l’utilizzo di tecniche avanzate, rappresenta un passo cruciale per migliorare l'assistenza sanitaria, in quanto ottimizza le risorse, limita i ritardi nel trattamento e l’esposizione a rischi evitabili legati a fallimenti procedurali e ai dispositivi più invasivi non indicati al caso. Per massimizzare i benefici però è cruciale investire nella formazione continua degli operatori. CONCLUSIONE: Questo studio guida per la scelta più idonea del tipo di accesso venoso, considerando anche i pazienti DIVA e le loro difficoltà, basandosi su raccomandazioni attuali, percorsi e algoritmi oltre all’utilizzo di tecniche avanzate quali l’uso della guida ecografica per il posizionamento di un accesso venoso periferico in un paziente DIVA. Accompagnato a questo, viene sottolineata l’importanza di un team esperto e di una continua formazione del personale. Viene proposta una scheda che riassume gli aspetti chiave toccati in questo studio che può essere utilizzata come guida per una valutazione oggettiva della situazione e svolge la funzione di filtro delle richieste di valutazione improprie fatte al team esperto in accessi vascolari.
Accessi Venosi Centrali e Pazienti DIVA: Strategie Infermieristiche per Migliorare la Qualità dell’Assistenza
FARINA, ALESSIA
2023/2024
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, the placement of peripheral and central venous access is a common but crucial procedure to ensure proper administration of therapies and fluids. However, the positioning of such accesses presents challenges, especially in patients with difficult intravenous access (DIVA). These patients require a personalized approach and the use of alternative techniques to improve procedural success. The placement of a central venous access, being particularly invasive, requires careful evaluation and must adhere to clear guidelines, using recommendations and decision-making tools to ensure the appropriateness of the intervention and the optimization of care. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to thoroughly analyze current recommendations and their reliability concerning the appropriate placement of a central venous access and to provide algorithms and pathways to guide the selection of the most suitable device. The study also delves into a schematic approach to follow for DIVA patients, exploring alternative management techniques without resorting to unnecessary invasive procedures. METHODS: Databases such as PubMed were consulted, as well as websites focused on vascular access, including GAVeCeLT (Open Study Group on Long-Term Central Venous Access) and the Journal of Vascular Access (JVA). The research focuses on the analysis of data, studies, and current research regarding the phases of selection and insertion of venous accesses. RESULTS: The study shows that a careful and multidisciplinary evaluation for the selection and placement of venous access is crucial to ensuring the effectiveness and safety of the administered therapies. For this reason, specific recommendations and decision-making algorithms have been identified, guiding the choice of the most suitable device based on various factors. The provided guidelines help to standardize procedures and increase efficiency within clinical units, ensuring that patients receive optimal and personalized treatments. This is only possible through close collaboration among the different specialists involved and ongoing updates. The analysis also reveals that proper management of DIVA patients, through a clear definition, standardized approach, and use of advanced techniques, represents a crucial step toward improving healthcare, as it optimizes resources, limits treatment delays, and reduces the exposure to avoidable risks related to procedural failures and the use of unnecessarily invasive devices. To maximize the benefits, however, continuous training of operators is essential. CONCLUSION: This study provides guidance for the most appropriate choice of venous access, also considering DIVA patients and their challenges, based on current recommendations, pathways, and algorithms, as well as the use of advanced techniques such as ultrasound guidance for placing peripheral venous access in DIVA patients. Along with this, the importance of an expert team and continuous staff training is emphasized. A summary sheet is proposed, encapsulating the key aspects covered in this study, which can be used as a guide for an objective assessment of the situation and serves as a filter for improper evaluation requests made to the vascular access expert team.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75969