Background: the anatomical and psychological characteristics of the pediatric subject make intravenous cannulation a complex procedure in children, especially in emergencies. Failure or delay in finding vascular access can, however, prolong the intervention time and compromise the patient's survival. Intraosseous access represents an alternative to the intravenous route that allows the administration of drugs and fluids into the systemic circulation, through the intramedullary vessels. Objectives: the aim is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of intraosseous access and to determine, through a comparison with peripheral, central and umbilical venous access, whether the intraosseous technique can represent a valid alternative to the intravenous route in pediatric patients. Materials and methods: it was conducted a literature review of the last 25 years by consulting the databases PUBMED, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct, the textbook “nursing assistance in pediatrics” and the MSD manual edizioni-profesionisti. Results: from the literature review, intraosseous access has proven to be particularly advantageous in terms of speed of intervention, especially in the pediatric emergency. Its positioning has in fact been found to be quicker than the three venous accesses examined, as well as more effective than umbilical and peripheral venous catheterization, and finally simpler than the central and umbilical route. However, in addition to the numerous advantages, some disadvantages have also emerged, including the short stay and the risk, albeit low, of serious complications. Furthermore, not all the studies examined have highlighted a positive association between the use of the intraosseous technique and the reduction of mortality and complication rates. Conclusions: intraosseous access represents a valid alternative vascular route to other more traditional venous accesses. Its rapid and effective positioning allows a reduction in intervention times and, at the same time, avoids numerous venipunctures that can negatively affect the physical and psychological well-being of the child. Despite this, the intraosseous technique is underused. Adequate training and continuous updating by nursing staff regarding the correct positioning and management of intraosseous access could implement its use. Keywords: “intraosseous access”,“pediatric patient”, “intravenous access”, “newborn patient”, “central venous access”, “umbilical venous access”, “vascular access”.
Background: le caratteristiche anatomiche e psicologiche del soggetto pediatrico rendono la cannulazione endovenosa una procedura complessa nel bambino, soprattutto in emergenza. Il mancato o ritardato reperimento dell’accesso vascolare può tuttavia prolungare i tempi di intervento e compromettere la sopravvivenza del paziente. L’accesso intraosseo rappresenta un’alternativa alla via endovenosa che consente di somministrare farmaci e liquidi nella circolazione sistemica, attraverso i vasi intramidollari. Obiettivi: indagare vantaggi e svantaggi dell’accesso intraosseo e determinare, tramite un confronto con l’accesso venoso periferico, centrale e ombelicale, se la tecnica intraossea può rappresentare una valida alternativa alla via endovenosa nel paziente pediatrico. Materiali e metodi: è stata condotta una revisione della letteratura degli ultimi 25 anni consultando i database PUBMED, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct, il libro di testo “assistenza infermieristica in pediatria” e il manuale MSD edizioni-professionisti. Risultati: dalla revisione della letteratura, l’accesso intraosseo si è rivelato particolarmente vantaggioso in termini di rapidità di intervento, soprattutto nell’ambito dell’emergenza pediatrica. Il suo posizionamento è infatti risultato più rapido rispetto ai tre accessi venosi presi in esame, nonché più efficace della cateterizzazione venosa ombelicale e periferica, e infine più semplice rispetto alla via centrale ed ombelicale. Tuttavia, oltre ai numerosi vantaggi, sono anche emersi alcuni svantaggi, tra cui la breve permanenza e il rischio, seppur basso, di gravi complicanze. Inoltre, non tutti gli studi presi in esame hanno evidenziato un’associazione positiva tra l’impiego della tecnica intraossea e la riduzione dei tassi di mortalità e di complicanze. Conclusioni: l’accesso intraosseo rappresenta una valida via vascolare alternativa ad altri accessi venosi più tradizionali. Il suo rapido ed efficace posizionamento consente infatti di ridurre i tempi di intervento e, al contempo, di evitare numerose venipunture che possono influire negativamente sul benessere fisico e psicologico del bambino. Nonostante ciò, la tecnica intraossea risulta sottoutilizzata. Un’adeguata formazione e un continuo aggiornamento da parte del personale infermieristico in merito al corretto posizionamento e gestione dell’accesso intraosseo potrebbe implementarne l’impiego. Keywords: “intraosseous access”,“pediatric patient”, “intravenous access”, “newborn patient”, “central venous access”, “umbilical venous access”, “vascular access”.
Accesso intraosseo in ambito pediatrico: una valutazione comparativa con i principali accessi venosi. Una revisione della letteratura
TAMIAZZO, DENISE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: the anatomical and psychological characteristics of the pediatric subject make intravenous cannulation a complex procedure in children, especially in emergencies. Failure or delay in finding vascular access can, however, prolong the intervention time and compromise the patient's survival. Intraosseous access represents an alternative to the intravenous route that allows the administration of drugs and fluids into the systemic circulation, through the intramedullary vessels. Objectives: the aim is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of intraosseous access and to determine, through a comparison with peripheral, central and umbilical venous access, whether the intraosseous technique can represent a valid alternative to the intravenous route in pediatric patients. Materials and methods: it was conducted a literature review of the last 25 years by consulting the databases PUBMED, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct, the textbook “nursing assistance in pediatrics” and the MSD manual edizioni-profesionisti. Results: from the literature review, intraosseous access has proven to be particularly advantageous in terms of speed of intervention, especially in the pediatric emergency. Its positioning has in fact been found to be quicker than the three venous accesses examined, as well as more effective than umbilical and peripheral venous catheterization, and finally simpler than the central and umbilical route. However, in addition to the numerous advantages, some disadvantages have also emerged, including the short stay and the risk, albeit low, of serious complications. Furthermore, not all the studies examined have highlighted a positive association between the use of the intraosseous technique and the reduction of mortality and complication rates. Conclusions: intraosseous access represents a valid alternative vascular route to other more traditional venous accesses. Its rapid and effective positioning allows a reduction in intervention times and, at the same time, avoids numerous venipunctures that can negatively affect the physical and psychological well-being of the child. Despite this, the intraosseous technique is underused. Adequate training and continuous updating by nursing staff regarding the correct positioning and management of intraosseous access could implement its use. Keywords: “intraosseous access”,“pediatric patient”, “intravenous access”, “newborn patient”, “central venous access”, “umbilical venous access”, “vascular access”.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76104