PROBLEM: Gender medicine, introduced in Italy in 2019, is becoming increasingly relevant within healthcare. In the case of heart diseases, the predominance of a male-centric perspective has led to an underestimation of the risks associated with these conditions in women. To date, we recognize coronary diseases as the leading cause of death among cardiovascular diseases, affecting 7.5% of women according to ISTAT data from 2021. The differences in symptomatology and gender-specific risk factors, such as early menopause and pregnancy, require particular attention to safeguard women's health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to achieve the objective, a literature review was conducted using articles containing observational studies, experimental studies, and literature reviews. The search was primarily conducted through the PubMed search engine produced by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, using keyword combinations according to Boolean logic principles. Additionally, the ESC 2021 guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice and ISTAT data from 2021 were considered to complete the research. RESULTS: The analysis of scientific articles highlighted that women have often been marginalized in the assessment of the clinical impact of coronary diseases, resulting in a reduction of primary prevention strategies dedicated to them. To date, exclusive primary strategies for women are still not well-documented; however, through a careful review of articles, it was possible to identify some strategies that, if correctly applied, contribute to reducing risk factors. Among these, we find the use of hormone replacement therapy, the use of statins, the evaluation of coronary calcium, and more common strategies such as smoking cessation, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and salt reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting a gender-based approach in healthcare practice, education, and research is essential to ensure that women receive preventive interventions aimed at promoting health. Education provided by nurses is crucial to raise awareness among women and, consequently, reduce their cardiovascular risk.
PROBLEMA: La medicina di genere, introdotta in Italia nel 2019, sta diventando sempre più rilevante all’interno della sanità. Nel caso delle malattie cardiache, il predominio della concezione maschile ha portato, nelle donne, a una sottostima dei rischi associati a tali patologie. Ad oggi, riconosciamo le malattie coronariche come principale causa di morte all’interno delle malattie cardiovascolari, colpendo secondo i dati ISTAT del 2021, il 7,5% delle donne. Le differenze nella sintomatologia e nei fattori di rischio genere-specifici, come la menopausa precoce e la gravidanza, richiedono un’attenzione particolare al fine di salvaguardare la salute della donna. MATERIALI E METODI: Al fine di raggiungere l’obbiettivo è stata effettuata una revisione della letteratura, tramite l’utilizzo di articoli contenenti studi osservazionali, sperimentali e revisioni di letteratura. La ricerca è stata condotta principalmente tramite il motore di ricerca Pubmed prodotta dal National Centre for Biotechnology Information, presso la National Library of Medicine (NLM) dei National Institutes of Health (NIH) degli Stati Uniti, utilizzando delle parole chiave combinate secondo i principi della logica booleana. Inoltre, per completare la ricerca sono state prese in considerazione le Linee guida ESC 2021 per la prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari nella pratica clinica e dati ISTAT del 2021 RISULTATI: L’analisi degli articoli scientifici ha evidenziato come le donne siano state spesso emarginate nella valutazione dell’impatto clinico delle malattie coronariche, con conseguente riduzione delle strategie di prevenzione primaria dedicate a loro. Ad oggi, infatti, non sono ancora ben documentate le strategie primarie esclusive per il genere femminile; tuttavia, attraverso un’attenta revisione degli articoli, è stato possibile individuare alcune strategie che, se applicate correttamente, contribuiscono alla riduzione dei fattori di rischio. Tra queste, troviamo l’utilizzo della terapia ormonale sostitutiva, l’utilizzo delle statine, la valutazione del calcio coronarico e strategie più comuni, come la cessazione del fumo, l’adesione alla dieta mediterranea e la riduzione del sale . CONCLUSIONI: Adottare un approccio di genere nella pratica assistenziale, nella formazione e nella ricerca è un elemento fondamentale al fine di garantire alle donne interventi preventivi volti a promuovere la salute. L’educazione, svolta dall’infermiere, è essenziale per aumentare la consapevolezza nelle donne e quindi, di conseguenza, ridurne il rischio cardiovascolare.
Le malattie coronariche nelle donne: un'analisi delle strategie di prevenzione primaria
BARBIERO, ISABELLA
2023/2024
Abstract
PROBLEM: Gender medicine, introduced in Italy in 2019, is becoming increasingly relevant within healthcare. In the case of heart diseases, the predominance of a male-centric perspective has led to an underestimation of the risks associated with these conditions in women. To date, we recognize coronary diseases as the leading cause of death among cardiovascular diseases, affecting 7.5% of women according to ISTAT data from 2021. The differences in symptomatology and gender-specific risk factors, such as early menopause and pregnancy, require particular attention to safeguard women's health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to achieve the objective, a literature review was conducted using articles containing observational studies, experimental studies, and literature reviews. The search was primarily conducted through the PubMed search engine produced by the National Centre for Biotechnology Information at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States, using keyword combinations according to Boolean logic principles. Additionally, the ESC 2021 guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in clinical practice and ISTAT data from 2021 were considered to complete the research. RESULTS: The analysis of scientific articles highlighted that women have often been marginalized in the assessment of the clinical impact of coronary diseases, resulting in a reduction of primary prevention strategies dedicated to them. To date, exclusive primary strategies for women are still not well-documented; however, through a careful review of articles, it was possible to identify some strategies that, if correctly applied, contribute to reducing risk factors. Among these, we find the use of hormone replacement therapy, the use of statins, the evaluation of coronary calcium, and more common strategies such as smoking cessation, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and salt reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting a gender-based approach in healthcare practice, education, and research is essential to ensure that women receive preventive interventions aimed at promoting health. Education provided by nurses is crucial to raise awareness among women and, consequently, reduce their cardiovascular risk.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76385