This thesis aims to examine the political transition process that took place in Hungary, focusing on the shift from liberal democracy to an illiberal system of government under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, leader of Fidesz. This political and historical analysis retraces the key events that shaped the Hungarian political, social, and institutional context, with the goal of identifying and understanding the causes behind the decline of liberalism in the country. Special attention is given to the developments following the fall of the communist regime and the processes of liberal democratic regression that have occurred in Hungary throughout the 21st century. The first chapter introduces the main conceptual definitions of liberal democracy and the opposing forms of government, including authoritarianisms and hybrid regimes, outlining a framework for analyzing the democratization process that affected all former satellite states, including Hungary itself, from the collapse of communism until EU accession. The second chapter traces the crucial steps that led the nation to the affirmation of liberalism and integration into the European organization, before focusing on the economic and social challenges, culminating in the 2008 crisis, which fueled tensions and a sense of distrust among the people toward national and European democratic institutions, thus facilitating the rise of Orbán and his party. Finally, the third chapter delves into the evolution of "Orbánism" and the use of populist and nationalist rhetoric, reflecting on the future of democracy in Hungary. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the illiberal shift and the role of this new model of governance in redefining Hungarian domestic and foreign policy, highlighting the possible implications for the future of democracy and liberalism in Europe.
La presente tesi mira ad esaminare il processo di transizione politica avvenuto in Ungheria, focalizzandosi sul passaggio dalla democrazia liberale a un sistema di governo illiberale sotto la guida di Viktor Orbán, leader di Fidesz. L’analisi di natura politica, e storica, ripercorre gli eventi fondamentali che hanno plasmato il contesto politico, sociale e istituzionale ungherese, con l’obiettivo di individuare e comprendere le cause del declino del liberalismo nel paese. Particolare attenzione è riservata agli sviluppi successivi alla caduta del regime comunista e ai processi di regressione liberal democratica verificatisi in Ungheria nel corso del XXI secolo. Il primo capitolo introduce le principali definizioni concettuali della democrazia liberale e delle forme di governo ad essa opposte, tra cui autoritarismi e regimi ibridi, delineando un quadro di riferimento per analizzare il processo di democratizzazione che ha interessato tutti gli ex stati satellite, tra cui la stessa Ungheria, dal crollo del comunismo fino all’adesione all’Unione Europea. Il secondo capitolo si occupa di ripercorre le tappe cruciali che hanno condotto la nazione all’affermazione del liberalismo, all’integrazione nell’organizzazione europea, per poi incentrarsi sulle sfide economiche e sociali, culminate nella crisi del 2008, le quali hanno alimentato tensioni, sentimenti di sfiducia da parte del popolo nei confronti delle istituzioni democratiche nazionali ed europee, e favorendo l’ascesa di Orbán e del suo partito. Infine, il terzo capitolo approfondisce l’evoluzione dell’“Orbánismo”, e il ricorso a retoriche populiste e nazionaliste, riflettendo sul futuro della democrazia in Ungheria. La tesi si conclude con un’analisi della deriva illiberale, e del ruolo di questo nuovo modello di governance nella ridefinizione della politica interna ed estera ungherese, mettendo in evidenza le possibili implicazioni per il futuro della democrazia e del liberalismo in Europa.
Verso una democrazia illiberale: l'ascesa di Orbán e il fallimento del liberalismo in Ungheria.
BUSIN, VANESSA CRISTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis aims to examine the political transition process that took place in Hungary, focusing on the shift from liberal democracy to an illiberal system of government under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, leader of Fidesz. This political and historical analysis retraces the key events that shaped the Hungarian political, social, and institutional context, with the goal of identifying and understanding the causes behind the decline of liberalism in the country. Special attention is given to the developments following the fall of the communist regime and the processes of liberal democratic regression that have occurred in Hungary throughout the 21st century. The first chapter introduces the main conceptual definitions of liberal democracy and the opposing forms of government, including authoritarianisms and hybrid regimes, outlining a framework for analyzing the democratization process that affected all former satellite states, including Hungary itself, from the collapse of communism until EU accession. The second chapter traces the crucial steps that led the nation to the affirmation of liberalism and integration into the European organization, before focusing on the economic and social challenges, culminating in the 2008 crisis, which fueled tensions and a sense of distrust among the people toward national and European democratic institutions, thus facilitating the rise of Orbán and his party. Finally, the third chapter delves into the evolution of "Orbánism" and the use of populist and nationalist rhetoric, reflecting on the future of democracy in Hungary. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the illiberal shift and the role of this new model of governance in redefining Hungarian domestic and foreign policy, highlighting the possible implications for the future of democracy and liberalism in Europe.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76941