Recently, artificial intelligence has become part of our daily lives. Behind this disruptive technology are decades of scientific research, economic competition and political rivalry. The US has always been the epicenter of every major technological innovation in recent decades, but this role is increasingly threatened by the awakening of China. Beijing’s rise was initially welcomed in the West with the hope that economic market-opening reforms, if sustained and encouraged, could lead to democratic political reform. The last 20 years have shown how unfounded these hopes were: the People’s Republic of China has been able to combine technological innovation with the repression of dissent, coming out even stronger. Greater resources have been matched by greater ambitions: in 2015 Beijing unveiled Made in China 2025, an economic program that aims to transform China from a low-tech consumer goods-producing country to a global hub of innovation. The plan, at least formally, aims to make China's economic system self-sufficient from advanced electronics supplies from the US and its allies. This intention is likely to hit hard the U.S. semiconductor industry, a key element in technological development, particularly of AI. The latter will be able, in the coming decades, to unlock enormous opportunities for economic growth, and presents itself as an attractive target for Western countries, which have not seen significant improvement in economic conditions in recent decades. China's rise has thus been interpreted as a turning point in global balances, after Beijing long seemed to be able to coexist with the economic and political structures of a liberal international order. The American response to Chinese ambitions, however, has shaken this narrative. The U.S., since World War II, has protected the liberal foundations of the international order, supporting its expansion at the end of the Cold War. As competition with China has intensified, however, Washington has first shown a willingness to strike at those very foundations it had protected for decades in order to safeguard its global positioning. All this comes at a time of serious crisis for the current international order, whose liberal precepts are being severely tested by the re-emergence of nationalism, including in Europe, due to a series of economic crises that have disillusioned Western populations with the benefits of such a global order. Without its traditional sponsors, with the United States now reverting to economic protectionism, the survival of the said order is less and less certain. Opponents of this global system see its weakness, and are increasingly active in their efforts to return to an anarchic order. The Russian invasion of Ukraine marks a point of no return in the history of international relations: the competition to rewrite the rules of the future global order has begun. The technological dimension will play a key role: the economic and military consequences of the development of AI and advanced electronics will change the distribution of relative power among nations. But the world is still deeply interconnected. This discussion aims to understand, through the study of market dynamics and input from the main theoretical paradigms of international relations, whether technological interdependence will succeed in curbing rising international tensions or spur nations to engage in isolationist policies, ending the current global order.
Recentemente, l’Intelligenza Artificiale è entrata a far parte della nostra quotidianità. Dietro a questa dirompente tecnologia ci sono decenni di ricerca scientifica, competizione economica e rivalità politica. Gli Stati Uniti sono sempre stati l’epicentro di ogni grande innovazione tecnologica degli ultimi decenni, ma questo ruolo è sempre più insidiato dal risveglio cinese. L’ascesa di Pechino inizialmente è stata accolta in Occidente con la speranza che le riforme economiche di apertura dei mercati, se sostenute e incoraggiate, avrebbero potuto condurre a riforme politiche democratiche. Gli ultimi 20 anni hanno dimostrato quanto tali auspici fossero infondati: la Repubblica Popolare Cinese ha saputo coniugare l’innovazione tecnologica alla repressione del dissenso, uscendone ulteriormente rafforzata. Alle maggiori risorse sono corrisposte maggiori ambizioni: nel 2015 Pechino ha presentato il Made in China 2025, un programma economico che intende trasformare la Cina da Paese produttore di beni di consumo a basso contenuto tecnologico a hub globale di innovazione. Il piano, almeno formalmente, punta a rendere autosufficiente il sistema economico cinese dalle forniture di elettronica avanzata degli USA e dei relativi alleati. Questo proposito rischia di colpire duramente l’industria americana di semiconduttori, elemento fondamentale per lo sviluppo tecnologico, in particolare dell’IA. Quest’ultima sarà in grado, nei prossimi decenni, di sbloccare enormi opportunità di crescita economica, e si presenta come un obiettivo appetibile per i Paesi occidentali, che negli ultimi decenni non hanno visto un significativo miglioramento delle condizioni economiche. L’ascesa cinese è dunque stata interpretata come un punto di svolta negli equilibri globali, dopo che per molto tempo Pechino sembrava poter coesistere con le strutture economiche e politiche di un ordine internazionale di stampo liberale. La risposta americana alle ambizioni cinesi, tuttavia, ha fatto vacillare questa narrazione. Gli USA, dal Secondo dopoguerra, hanno protetto i fondamenti liberali dell’ordine internazionale, supportandone l’ampliamento al termine della Guerra Fredda. Con l’acuirsi della competizione con la Cina, tuttavia, Washington per prima ha mostrato la volontà di colpire quegli stessi fondamenti che ha protetto per decenni, pur di tutelare il proprio posizionamento globale. Tutto questo si inserisce in una fase di grave crisi per l’attuale ordine internazionale, i cui precetti liberali sono messi a dura prova dal riemergere del nazionalismo, anche in Europa, dovuto ad una serie di crisi economiche che hanno disilluso le popolazioni occidentali rispetto ai vantaggi di tale ordine globale. Senza i propri tradizionali sponsor, con gli Stati Uniti ormai ritornati al protezionismo economico, la sopravvivenza del suddetto ordine è sempre meno scontata. Gli oppositori di questo sistema globale ne vedono la debolezza, e si prodigano sempre più attivamente per ritornare ad un ordine anarchico. L’invasione russa dell’Ucraina segna un punto di non ritorno nella storia delle relazioni internazionali: la competizione per riscrivere le regole del futuro ordine globale è cominciata. La dimensione tecnologica avrà un ruolo fondamentale: le conseguenze economiche e militari dello sviluppo dell’IA e dell’elettronica avanzata cambieranno la distribuzione di potere relativo tra nazioni. Ma il mondo è ancora profondamente interconnesso. La presente trattazione intende comprendere, attraverso lo studio delle dinamiche di mercato e l’apporto dei principali paradigmi teorici delle relazioni internazionali, se l’interdipendenza tecnologica riuscirà a porre un freno alle crescenti tensioni internazionali o stimolerà le nazioni ad impegnarsi in politiche isolazioniste, ponendo fine all’attuale ordine globale.
La crisi dell’Ordine Internazionale Liberale e la sfida USA-Cina per la supremazia nei Semiconduttori e nell’Intelligenza Artificiale.
GATTO, ALESSANDRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Recently, artificial intelligence has become part of our daily lives. Behind this disruptive technology are decades of scientific research, economic competition and political rivalry. The US has always been the epicenter of every major technological innovation in recent decades, but this role is increasingly threatened by the awakening of China. Beijing’s rise was initially welcomed in the West with the hope that economic market-opening reforms, if sustained and encouraged, could lead to democratic political reform. The last 20 years have shown how unfounded these hopes were: the People’s Republic of China has been able to combine technological innovation with the repression of dissent, coming out even stronger. Greater resources have been matched by greater ambitions: in 2015 Beijing unveiled Made in China 2025, an economic program that aims to transform China from a low-tech consumer goods-producing country to a global hub of innovation. The plan, at least formally, aims to make China's economic system self-sufficient from advanced electronics supplies from the US and its allies. This intention is likely to hit hard the U.S. semiconductor industry, a key element in technological development, particularly of AI. The latter will be able, in the coming decades, to unlock enormous opportunities for economic growth, and presents itself as an attractive target for Western countries, which have not seen significant improvement in economic conditions in recent decades. China's rise has thus been interpreted as a turning point in global balances, after Beijing long seemed to be able to coexist with the economic and political structures of a liberal international order. The American response to Chinese ambitions, however, has shaken this narrative. The U.S., since World War II, has protected the liberal foundations of the international order, supporting its expansion at the end of the Cold War. As competition with China has intensified, however, Washington has first shown a willingness to strike at those very foundations it had protected for decades in order to safeguard its global positioning. All this comes at a time of serious crisis for the current international order, whose liberal precepts are being severely tested by the re-emergence of nationalism, including in Europe, due to a series of economic crises that have disillusioned Western populations with the benefits of such a global order. Without its traditional sponsors, with the United States now reverting to economic protectionism, the survival of the said order is less and less certain. Opponents of this global system see its weakness, and are increasingly active in their efforts to return to an anarchic order. The Russian invasion of Ukraine marks a point of no return in the history of international relations: the competition to rewrite the rules of the future global order has begun. The technological dimension will play a key role: the economic and military consequences of the development of AI and advanced electronics will change the distribution of relative power among nations. But the world is still deeply interconnected. This discussion aims to understand, through the study of market dynamics and input from the main theoretical paradigms of international relations, whether technological interdependence will succeed in curbing rising international tensions or spur nations to engage in isolationist policies, ending the current global order.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76969