Developmental Disorder of Motor Coordination (DCD) consists in movement disorders mani-fested by deficits in motor control and learning and associated cognitive processes. These aspects influence all types of motor activities with negative effects on the child's daily functio-ning and social participation with the possibility of developing secondary psychosocial disor-ders. In view of this, the aim of the study reported in this thesis is to verify the improvement in occupational performance referred to school productivity and social participation of two 7-year-old children presenting DCD, by means of group treatment in O.T.. It is reported that they were taken into a private practice, where integrated rehabilitation treatments between discipli-nes are given. After an analysis of the literature with a focus on the disorder, co-occurrences and intervention methods, an interview with the caregivers is conducted and A and B's occupa-tional profiles are compiled using the Canadian CMOP-E model. Three main common objecti-ves emerge from this, which, from the perspective of integrated treatment of T.O. and NPS, are: training in dual-task activities, practising reading/writing by assessing environmental and acti-vity adaptations, practising social competence in a playful and productive collaboration con-text. These objectives are represented by the parents as priorities for the children and consider what is reported by the in-school teachers. Evaluation is then based on the following standar-dised tests: dictation tests and writing speed tests BVSCO-2 of the Writing and Spelling Com-petence Assessment Battery and Listening-Recall for the assessment of working memory. Ad-hoc task-specific assessments were also created to evaluate motor, writing, social participation and memory components using dual-task activities. These were tested for the percentage de-crease in error and statistically analysed using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests comparing five proves for each criterion from T0 to T1, so a significant improvement in performance could be determined. Occupation-based and focused activities were proposed to call the children to collaboration in writing, spelling analysis, gross motor and play tasks; and evidence-based strategies were used to aid learning and generalisation. At the end of treatment, after 12 weeks, re-evaluation showed a general improvement in performance in the area of scholastic produc-tivity: for A. in spelling competence, for B. in gesture control and graphical stroke. Both im-proved in motor control: A. shows greater control of force and adherence to spatial-directional parameters, B. optimises executive speed. In social participation A. and B. are competent, ex-cept when motor competence is recalled, in line with the diagnosis and impact in ADL and so-cial life.
Il disturbo dello sviluppo della coordinazione motoria (DCD) consiste in un disturbo del mo-vimento che si manifesta con deficit nel controllo e nell’apprendimento motorio e dei processi cognitivi associati. Questo influenza tutti i tipi di attività motorie con ricadute negative sul funzionamento quotidiano del bambino e sulla sua partecipazione sociale con possibilità di sviluppare disturbi psicosociali secondari. Considerato ciò, l'obiettivo dello studio riportato in questa tesi è quello di verificare il miglioramento della performance occupazionale riferita alla produttività scolastica e della partecipazione sociale di due bambini di 7 anni che presentano DCD, mediante il trattamento di gruppo in T.O.. Si riporta presa in carico presso uno studio privato, che effettua trattamenti riabilitativi integrati tra discipline. In seguito ad un'analisi del-la letteratura con focus sul disturbo, co-occorrenze e metodi di intervento, viene effettuato il colloquio con i caregivers e compilati i profili occupazionali di A e B tramite il modello cana-dese CMOP- E. Da questo emergono tre principali obiettivi comuni che, in ottica di trattamen-to integrato di T.O. e NPS, risultano: l'allenamento in attività di doppio compito, praticare la letto/scrittura valutando adattamenti ambientali e dell’attività, praticare la competenza sociale in un contesto ludico e di collaborazione produttiva. Tali obiettivi vengono riportati dai geni-tori come prioritari per i bambini e tengono conto di quanto segnalato dalle insegnanti. Viene effettuata quindi una valutazione mediante le seguenti prove normate: prova di dettato e prove di velocità di scrittura BVSCO-2 della Batteria per la Valutazione della Scrittura e della Com-petenza Ortografica e Listening-Recall per valutare la memoria di lavoro. Vengono inoltre create delle valutazioni ad hoc compito-specifiche per analizzare la componente motoria, di scrittura, di partecipazione sociale e di memoria, utilizzando attività di doppio compito. Queste sono state poi sottoposte ad analisi della percentuale di diminuzione dell'errore e ad analisi sta-tistica tramite Test di Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney confrontando 5 prove per ogni criterio da T0 a T1, così da poter determinare un significativo miglioramento della performance. Sono state proposte attività occupation based e focused basate sulla collaborazione in compiti di scrittura, analisi ortografica, grossomotori e ludici, e utilizzate strategie evidence based per aiutare all'apprendimento e alla generalizzazione. Al termine del trattamento, dopo 12 settimane, la ri-valutazione ha mostrato un generale miglioramento della performance nell'ambito della pro-duttività scolastica: per A. nella competenza ortografica, per B. nel controllo del gesto e del tratto grafico. Entrambi sono migliorati nel controllo motorio: A. dimostra maggior controllo della forza e adesione ai parametri spazio direzionali, B. ottimizza la velocità esecutiva. Nella partecipazione sociale A. e B. risultano competenti, tranne nei casi venga richiamata la compe-tenza motoria, coerentemente con la diagnosi e l'impatto nelle ADL e nella vita sociale.
DCD, performance occupazionale e partecipazione sociale: intervento di Terapia Occupazionale mirato al miglioramento della competenza sociale e della performance occupazionale nella produttività di due bambini in età scolare affetti da disturbo dello sviluppo della coordinazione motoria.
BERNARDI, SILVIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Developmental Disorder of Motor Coordination (DCD) consists in movement disorders mani-fested by deficits in motor control and learning and associated cognitive processes. These aspects influence all types of motor activities with negative effects on the child's daily functio-ning and social participation with the possibility of developing secondary psychosocial disor-ders. In view of this, the aim of the study reported in this thesis is to verify the improvement in occupational performance referred to school productivity and social participation of two 7-year-old children presenting DCD, by means of group treatment in O.T.. It is reported that they were taken into a private practice, where integrated rehabilitation treatments between discipli-nes are given. After an analysis of the literature with a focus on the disorder, co-occurrences and intervention methods, an interview with the caregivers is conducted and A and B's occupa-tional profiles are compiled using the Canadian CMOP-E model. Three main common objecti-ves emerge from this, which, from the perspective of integrated treatment of T.O. and NPS, are: training in dual-task activities, practising reading/writing by assessing environmental and acti-vity adaptations, practising social competence in a playful and productive collaboration con-text. These objectives are represented by the parents as priorities for the children and consider what is reported by the in-school teachers. Evaluation is then based on the following standar-dised tests: dictation tests and writing speed tests BVSCO-2 of the Writing and Spelling Com-petence Assessment Battery and Listening-Recall for the assessment of working memory. Ad-hoc task-specific assessments were also created to evaluate motor, writing, social participation and memory components using dual-task activities. These were tested for the percentage de-crease in error and statistically analysed using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests comparing five proves for each criterion from T0 to T1, so a significant improvement in performance could be determined. Occupation-based and focused activities were proposed to call the children to collaboration in writing, spelling analysis, gross motor and play tasks; and evidence-based strategies were used to aid learning and generalisation. At the end of treatment, after 12 weeks, re-evaluation showed a general improvement in performance in the area of scholastic produc-tivity: for A. in spelling competence, for B. in gesture control and graphical stroke. Both im-proved in motor control: A. shows greater control of force and adherence to spatial-directional parameters, B. optimises executive speed. In social participation A. and B. are competent, ex-cept when motor competence is recalled, in line with the diagnosis and impact in ADL and so-cial life.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77118