Background: A deficit in executive functions, which include working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control and planning, can lead to significant limitations in development and daily functioning in children and adolescents, particularly in the presence of a diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder. These functions are essential for regulating and coordinating behaviour, learning and participation in activities of daily living. Deficiencies in one or more of these functions can hinder and impair school performance, the ability to manage daily activities and the ability to self-regulate, which will have social consequences by exposing them to a greater risk of exclusion and isolation. A deficit in executive functions therefore has a significant impact on general well-being and quality of life; therefore, the intervention of the occupational therapist, whose task is to intervene in these areas of fragility, may be useful. Objective: In this thesis work, it is first of all intended, as the concept of executive functions is an umbrella term encompassing several constructs, to establish a definition that allows for a common language among professionals. Subsequently, through a literature review, it is intended to investigate the role of the occupational therapist within the multidisciplinary team in the treatment of executive functions with the aim of identifying the evidence and the assessment and intervention tools used. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed (using MeSH terms), Medline, OTseeker and Cochrane Library. The keywords used for the different thematic areas of the search are: ‘Executive Function’, ‘Child’, ‘Occupational Therapy’, ‘Developmental Disabilities’ linked together in different ways, using the Boolean operator AND. Results: Twelve articles published between 2014 and 2024 were analysed. The study sample includes children between the ages of 0 and 16 with difficulties in executive functions and with or without a specific neurodevelopmental disorder. Conclusions: The occupational therapist has an important role in the assessment and treatment of executive functions. The literature establishes that an early assessment of these deficits, with different instruments and in a multidisciplinary team, makes it possible to establish the most appropriate intervention to improve not only the child's cognitive skills, but also those of daily and social life. It is also essential to integrate the parents into the treatment in order to enhance the results and ensure the transfer of acquired skills to different contexts.
Quadro teorico: Un deficit nelle funzioni esecutive, che comprendono la memoria di lavoro, la flessibilità cognitiva, il controllo inibitorio e la pianificazione, può comportare significative limitazioni nello sviluppo e nel funzionamento quotidiano nei bambini e negli adolescenti, in particolare in presenza di un disturbo del neurosviluppo diagnosticato. Tali funzioni sono essenziali per regolare e coordinare il comportamento, l’apprendimento e la partecipazione alle attività della vita quotidiana. Carenze in una o più di queste funzioni possono ostacolare e compromettere il rendimento scolastico, la capacità di gestire le attività quotidiane e la capacità di autoregolamentarsi, che avrà delle conseguenze sociali esponendoli a un maggior rischio di esclusione e isolamento. Un deficit nelle funzioni esecutive ha quindi un impatto significativo sul benessere generale e sulla qualità di vita; pertanto, può essere utile l’intervento del terapista occupazionale, il cui compito è quello di intervenire anche in queste aree di fragilità. Obiettivo: In questo lavoro di tesi si intende innanzitutto, essendo il concetto di funzioni esecutive un termine ombrello che racchiude diversi costrutti, stabilire una definizione che permetta di avere un linguaggio comune tra i professionisti. Successivamente, attraverso una revisione della letteratura, si vuole fare un’indagine sul ruolo del terapista occupazionale all’interno dell’equipe multidisciplinare nel trattamento delle funzioni esecutive con lo scopo di individuarne le evidenze e gli strumenti di valutazione e di intervento utilizzati. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una ricerca bibliografica in letteratura, utilizzando le seguenti banche dati: PubMed (utilizzando i MeSH terms), Medline, OTseeker e Cochrane Library. Le parole chiave utilizzate per le diverse aree tematiche della ricerca sono: “Executive Function”, “Child”, “Occupational Therapy”, “Developmental Disabilities” collegate tra loro in diversi modi, utilizzando l’operatore booleano AND. Risultati: Sono stati analizzati dodici articoli pubblicati tra il 2014 e il 2024. Il campione di studio include bambini tra gli 0 e i 16 anni con difficoltà nelle funzioni esecutive e con o senza un disturbo del neurosviluppo specifico. Conclusioni: Il terapista occupazionale ha un ruolo importante nella valutazione e nel trattamento delle funzioni esecutive. La letteratura stabilisce che una valutazione precoce di questi deficit, con strumenti diversi e in equipe multidisciplinare, permette di stabilire l’intervento più adeguato a migliorare non solo le abilità cognitive, ma anche quelle della vita quotidiana e sociale del bambino. È inoltre fondamentale integrare nel trattamento i genitori al fine di potenziare i risultati e garantire il trasferimento delle competenze acquisite in diversi contesti.
Il trattamento delle funzioni esecutive in età evolutiva: indagine sul ruolo del terapista occupazionale
CATTARINUSSI, ALICE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: A deficit in executive functions, which include working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control and planning, can lead to significant limitations in development and daily functioning in children and adolescents, particularly in the presence of a diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder. These functions are essential for regulating and coordinating behaviour, learning and participation in activities of daily living. Deficiencies in one or more of these functions can hinder and impair school performance, the ability to manage daily activities and the ability to self-regulate, which will have social consequences by exposing them to a greater risk of exclusion and isolation. A deficit in executive functions therefore has a significant impact on general well-being and quality of life; therefore, the intervention of the occupational therapist, whose task is to intervene in these areas of fragility, may be useful. Objective: In this thesis work, it is first of all intended, as the concept of executive functions is an umbrella term encompassing several constructs, to establish a definition that allows for a common language among professionals. Subsequently, through a literature review, it is intended to investigate the role of the occupational therapist within the multidisciplinary team in the treatment of executive functions with the aim of identifying the evidence and the assessment and intervention tools used. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed (using MeSH terms), Medline, OTseeker and Cochrane Library. The keywords used for the different thematic areas of the search are: ‘Executive Function’, ‘Child’, ‘Occupational Therapy’, ‘Developmental Disabilities’ linked together in different ways, using the Boolean operator AND. Results: Twelve articles published between 2014 and 2024 were analysed. The study sample includes children between the ages of 0 and 16 with difficulties in executive functions and with or without a specific neurodevelopmental disorder. Conclusions: The occupational therapist has an important role in the assessment and treatment of executive functions. The literature establishes that an early assessment of these deficits, with different instruments and in a multidisciplinary team, makes it possible to establish the most appropriate intervention to improve not only the child's cognitive skills, but also those of daily and social life. It is also essential to integrate the parents into the treatment in order to enhance the results and ensure the transfer of acquired skills to different contexts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77120