Background: The acquisition of sphincter control is a fundamental stage in child development involving physiological, behavioral and psychological aspects. Difficulties in achieving appropriate management of urination and defecation can have a significant impact on the quality of life of the child and his or her family, affecting the creation of self-image, participation in daily and social activities. Several professionals deal with these problems and health care intervention ranges from medication to biofeedback to caregiver counselling. Among the figures mentioned is also the occupational therapist. Objective: This thesis aims to examine the role of the occupational therapist in the management of problems related to the initiation of sphincter control and to identify effective intervention strategies. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis and the Google Scholar in advanced mode. Additionally, articles published in some Occupational Therapy journals such as American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy and Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy were considered. Keywords used included: ‘sensory integration’, ‘sensory processing disorders’, ‘occupational therapy’, ‘children’, ‘defecation disorders’, ‘toilet training’, ‘encopresis’. Results: 690 articles were found, of which only five met the identified inclusion criteria, published between 2011 and 2023. The study population consists of children aged 0 to 15 years and diagnoses including sphincter control disorders and sensory processing disorders. A study is aimed at parents involved in information workshops on the management of bowel problems. Conclusions: Current medical treatments for defecation disorders give poor results, especially in cases where sensory processing problems are present. The occupational therapist has the necessary skills to assess sensory processing disorders and to intervene through Sensory Integration/ASI® - based approaches and caregiver education programmes. Such interventions improve the management of sphincter control problems and, consequently, the quality of life and participation of children and their families. The occupational therapist can therefore make a significant contribution within the multidisciplinary intervention based on a correct analysis of the causes of the failure to achieve sphincter control.
Quadro teorico: L'acquisizione del controllo sfinterico è una tappa fondamentale nello sviluppo del bambino che coinvolge aspetti fisiologici, comportamentali e psicologici. La difficoltà nel raggiungimento dell’adeguata gestione della minzione e defecazione può avere un impatto significativo sulla qualità di vita del bambino e della sua famiglia, influenzando la creazione dell’immagine di sé, la partecipazione alle attività quotidiane e sociali. Sono diverse le figure professionali che si occupano di questi problemi e l’intervento sanitario va dall’assunzione di farmaci, al biofeedback alla consulenza al caregiver. Fra le figure citate vi è anche il terapista occupazionale. Obiettivo: Questa tesi si propone di esaminare il ruolo del terapista occupazionale nella gestione delle problematiche legate all’avvio del controllo sfinterico e di identificare strategie di intervento efficaci. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una ricerca in letteratura utilizzando le seguenti banche dati: PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis e il motore di ricerca Google Scholar, in modalità “ricerca avanzata”. Inoltre, sono stati presi in considerazione articoli pubblicati in alcuni giornali di Terapia Occupazionale quali American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy e Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy. Le parole chiave utilizzate comprendono: “sensory integration”, “sensory processing disorders”, “occupational therapy”, “children”, “defecation disorders”, “toilet training”, “encopresis”. Risultati: Sono stati trovati 690 articoli, di questi solo cinque rispondevano ai criteri di inclusione individuati, pubblicati tra il 2011 e il 2023. La popolazione oggetto dello studio è costituita da bambini con un’età compresa tra 0 e 15 anni e diagnosi che includono disturbi legati al controllo sfinterico e disturbi del processamento sensoriale. Uno studio è rivolto ai genitori coinvolti in workshop informativi sulla gestione delle problematiche intestinali. Conclusioni: I trattamenti medici attuali per i disturbi della defecazione danno scarsi risultati, soprattutto nei casi in cui sono presenti problemi di processamento sensoriale. Il terapista occupazionale possiede le competenze necessarie per valutare i disturbi del processamento sensoriale e per intervenire attraverso approcci basati sull’Integrazione Sensoriale/ASI® e con programmi di educazione ai caregiver. Tali interventi migliorano la gestione dei problemi legati al controllo sfinterico e, di conseguenza, la qualità di vita e la partecipazione dei bambini e delle loro famiglie. Il terapista occupazionale può quindi dare un contributo significativo all'interno dell’intervento multidisciplinare che si basi su una corretta analisi delle cause del mancato raggiungimento del controllo sfinterico.
RUOLO DEL TERAPISTA OCCUPAZIONALE NELLA GESTIONE DELLE PROBLEMATICHE DELL’AVVIO AL CONTROLLO SFINTERICO IN ETÁ PEDIATRICA: REVISIONE DELLA LETTERATURA
VETTOREL, MARTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: The acquisition of sphincter control is a fundamental stage in child development involving physiological, behavioral and psychological aspects. Difficulties in achieving appropriate management of urination and defecation can have a significant impact on the quality of life of the child and his or her family, affecting the creation of self-image, participation in daily and social activities. Several professionals deal with these problems and health care intervention ranges from medication to biofeedback to caregiver counselling. Among the figures mentioned is also the occupational therapist. Objective: This thesis aims to examine the role of the occupational therapist in the management of problems related to the initiation of sphincter control and to identify effective intervention strategies. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Taylor and Francis and the Google Scholar in advanced mode. Additionally, articles published in some Occupational Therapy journals such as American Journal of Occupational Therapy, Australian Journal of Occupational Therapy and Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy were considered. Keywords used included: ‘sensory integration’, ‘sensory processing disorders’, ‘occupational therapy’, ‘children’, ‘defecation disorders’, ‘toilet training’, ‘encopresis’. Results: 690 articles were found, of which only five met the identified inclusion criteria, published between 2011 and 2023. The study population consists of children aged 0 to 15 years and diagnoses including sphincter control disorders and sensory processing disorders. A study is aimed at parents involved in information workshops on the management of bowel problems. Conclusions: Current medical treatments for defecation disorders give poor results, especially in cases where sensory processing problems are present. The occupational therapist has the necessary skills to assess sensory processing disorders and to intervene through Sensory Integration/ASI® - based approaches and caregiver education programmes. Such interventions improve the management of sphincter control problems and, consequently, the quality of life and participation of children and their families. The occupational therapist can therefore make a significant contribution within the multidisciplinary intervention based on a correct analysis of the causes of the failure to achieve sphincter control.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77135