Background: The Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is characterized by a delay in the acquisition of both gross and fine motor skills, as well as by difficulties in motor coordination. These delays manifest in childhood as clumsiness, slowness, or inaccuracy in movements. This disorder is associated with dysfunctions in frontal cortical areas and cerebellar areas which are involved in motor imitation and execution processes and are responsible for generating internal models that facilitate motor coordination. Diagnosis typically occurs during the school years, a period when motor difficulties become more evident and start to significantly impact daily life. Currently, therapeutic approaches for rehabilitating children with DCD remain insufficiently researched. Nowadays, therapeutic approaches for DCD include using Action Observation (AO), which refers to the careful observation of an action being performed by another person, and Motor Imagery (MI), which is the ability to mentally rehearse a motor gesture without physically executing it. AO and MI have seen significant growth in research due to its beneficial effects on motor skills. The combined use of AO and IM is increasingly studied in the care of children with DCD as it appears to promote the activation of brain areas affected by the disorder. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate literature evidence regarding the effectiveness of the combined intervention with Action Observation (AO) and Motor Imagery (MI) for neuromotor rehabilitation of school-aged children with DCD. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted using the Pubmed, Cinahl and PEDro databases. Articles were included if they involved the combined use of AO and MI, focused on children aged 7 to 12, had a PEDro scale rating ≥ 5, were published in the last 10 years (from 2014 to 2024), and were in English. Results: The database search yielded 232 articles, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria. In particular, the studies found that combined use of AO and MI is effective for improving imitation and for the learning/refinement of ADLs. Additionally, better results are reported when using the techniques simultaneously rather than sequentially. Conclusions: The review suggests that the combined treatment with AO and MI may provide positive outcomes for improving movement in children with DCD. However, to implement this approach in clinical practice, more research is needed to study its effectiveness in greater depth. Key words: Developmental Coordination Disorder, Action Observation, Motor Imagery, Physical Therapy, internal models, assessment, diagnosis, Activities of Daily Living.
Background: Il Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione (DCD) in età evolutiva è caratterizzato da un ritardo nell'acquisizione delle abilità motorie grossolane e fini e da una difficoltà nella coordinazione motoria che si manifesta con goffaggine, lentezza e imprecisione nei movimenti. Tale disordine è correlato ad una disfunzione delle aree corticali frontali e cerebellari coinvolte nei processi di imitazione ed esecuzione motoria e nella generazione dei modelli interni che facilitano la coordinazione. Generalmente la diagnosi avviene in epoca scolare, periodo in cui le difficoltà motorie tipiche diventano più evidenti e hanno un impatto significativo sulla vita quotidiana. Al giorno d'oggi gli approcci terapeutici utilizzati nella riabilitazione del bambino con DCD sono ancora poco indagati. Tra i più recenti si riportano la Action Observation (AO), intesa come l’osservazione attenta dell’esecuzione di un’azione svolta da un soggetto, e l’Immagine Motoria (IM), ovvero la capacità di rappresentare mentalmente un gesto motorio senza compierlo fisicamente. La loro combinazione sta divenendo sempre più oggetto di studio nella presa in cura del bambino in quanto sembra favorire l’attivazione delle aree cerebrali compromesse dal DCD. Obiettivo: L'obiettivo di questo studio è quello di ricercare le evidenze in letteratura riguardo l'efficacia dell'intervento combinato con AO e IM per la riabilitazione neuromotoria dei bambini con diagnosi di DCD in età scolare. Materiali e metodi: La revisione della letteratura è stata effettuata utilizzando le banche dati Pubmed, Cinahl e PEDro. Sono stati inclusi articoli che prevedevano l'utilizzo combinato di AO e IM, per bambini di età compresa tra i 7 e i 12 anni, con una valutazione della scala PEDro ≥ 5, pubblicati negli ultimi 10 anni (dal 2014 al 2024), in lingua inglese. Risultati: Dalla ricerca nelle banche dati sono stati ottenuti 232 articoli, di cui 6 rientravano nei criteri di inclusione. In particolare, l’uso combinato di AO e IM risulta efficace per un miglioramento dell’imitazione e per l'apprendimento/perfezionamento delle ADL. Inoltre, vengono riportati risultati migliori utilizzando le tecniche in simultanea piuttosto che in successione. Conclusione: La revisione effettuata suggerisce come il trattamento combinato con AO e IM possa fornire outcome positivi per il miglioramento del movimento in bambini con DCD. Tuttavia, per poter implementare l’utilizzo di questo approccio nella pratica clinica è necessario un numero maggiore di studi che indaghino più approfonditamente la sua efficacia. Parole chiave: Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione, Action Observation, Immagine Motoria, modelli interni, fisioterapia, valutazione, diagnosi, attività della vita quotidiana.
Il trattamento combinato con Action Observation e immagine motoria per la riabilitazione del movimento nel bambino in età scolare con Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione (DCD): una revisione della letteratura.
TEMPESTILLI, PIETRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: The Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is characterized by a delay in the acquisition of both gross and fine motor skills, as well as by difficulties in motor coordination. These delays manifest in childhood as clumsiness, slowness, or inaccuracy in movements. This disorder is associated with dysfunctions in frontal cortical areas and cerebellar areas which are involved in motor imitation and execution processes and are responsible for generating internal models that facilitate motor coordination. Diagnosis typically occurs during the school years, a period when motor difficulties become more evident and start to significantly impact daily life. Currently, therapeutic approaches for rehabilitating children with DCD remain insufficiently researched. Nowadays, therapeutic approaches for DCD include using Action Observation (AO), which refers to the careful observation of an action being performed by another person, and Motor Imagery (MI), which is the ability to mentally rehearse a motor gesture without physically executing it. AO and MI have seen significant growth in research due to its beneficial effects on motor skills. The combined use of AO and IM is increasingly studied in the care of children with DCD as it appears to promote the activation of brain areas affected by the disorder. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to investigate literature evidence regarding the effectiveness of the combined intervention with Action Observation (AO) and Motor Imagery (MI) for neuromotor rehabilitation of school-aged children with DCD. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted using the Pubmed, Cinahl and PEDro databases. Articles were included if they involved the combined use of AO and MI, focused on children aged 7 to 12, had a PEDro scale rating ≥ 5, were published in the last 10 years (from 2014 to 2024), and were in English. Results: The database search yielded 232 articles, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria. In particular, the studies found that combined use of AO and MI is effective for improving imitation and for the learning/refinement of ADLs. Additionally, better results are reported when using the techniques simultaneously rather than sequentially. Conclusions: The review suggests that the combined treatment with AO and MI may provide positive outcomes for improving movement in children with DCD. However, to implement this approach in clinical practice, more research is needed to study its effectiveness in greater depth. Key words: Developmental Coordination Disorder, Action Observation, Motor Imagery, Physical Therapy, internal models, assessment, diagnosis, Activities of Daily Living.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77299