Eriosoma lanigerum is an exotic species of Nearctic origin. It is widespread worldwide, reported in Italy for the first time in 1841. Its behavior is different from that of the countries of origin, where it has a dioecious cycle. In the absence of the primary host (Ulmus americana) in other countries it has a monoecious cycle on apple. The main control factor is its coevolved host-specific parasitoid Aphelinus mali. It was introduced in Europe in 1920, resulting in one of the first successful examples of classical biological control. In the last decade, Eriosoma lanigerum has again been an issue for apple growing. Management remains difficult both in organic and integrated apple orchards. The causes seem to be the continuous reduction of usable active substances, the use of formulations that are not very selective towards beneficial insects, and climate change that can alter the phenology of the aphid and its interactions with the parasitoid. In this study, experimental activities were carried out to obtain new acquisitions on the phenology of E. lanigerum and A. mali and to evaluate the effectiveness of a possible biological control approach. The evaluation of aphid migration disagrees with the general model, given the non-significant difference in the number of aphids captured between the upper and lower collar strip. Although the degree of infestation maintained a similar trend, was significantly different between varieties. Golden Delicious resulted in more infested than Imperatore Dallago and between organs, branches were more infested than the shoots. The population dynamics of A. mali also follow the infestation trend, showing a strong relation with its host during the season. The average parasitism was 45% for each colony, resulting similar to other studies carried out. Lower levels of parasitism were noted inside the single shoot. Preliminary results were obtained for the possible biological control approach with the release of hoverflies and coccinellids. A similar trend in the degree of infestation is noted between the control and the two release approaches. The method of releasing hoverflies and coccinellids appears to be the best, with a more rapid reduction in the level of infestation, which remains lower even at the end of the season.
Eriosoma lanigerum è una specie esotica di origine neartica. È diffuso a livello mondiale, segnalato in Italia per la prima volta nel 1841. Il comportamento è differente rispetto ai luoghi di origine dove svolge un ciclo dioico. In assenza dell’ospite primario (Ulmus americana) negli altri paesi compie un ciclo monoico su melo. Il principale fattore di controllo è il suo parassitoide coevoluto ospite-specifico Aphelinus mali. Introdotto in Europa nel 1920 è stato uno dei primi esempi di successo di lotta biologica classica. Nell’ultima decade, Eriosoma lanigerum è una problematica nuovamente emergente per la melicoltura. La gestione rimane difficile sia in meleti biologici che integrati. Le cause sembrano da ricercare nella riduzione continua delle sostanze attive utilizzabili, nell’impego di formulati poco selettivi nei confronti degli insetti utili e nei cambiamenti climatici che possono alterare la fenologia dell’afide e le sue interazioni con il parassitoide. In questo studio sono state effettuate attività sperimentali al fine di ottenere nuove acquisizioni sulla fenologia di E. lanigerum e di A. mali e di valutare l’efficacia di un possibile approccio di lotta biologica. La valutazione della migrazione dell’afide è in disaccordo col modello generale data la differenza non significativa del numero di afidi catturati tra la fascia collata superiore e quella inferiore. Il grado di infestazione, seppur mantenendo un andamento simile, era significativamente diverso tra le varietà, con la Golden Delicious più infestata della Imperatore Dallago, e tra gli organi, con le branche più infestate dei germogli. La dinamica di popolazione di A. mali segue parimente l’andamento dell’infestazione mostrando una forte affinità tra ospite e parassitoide durante la stagione. Il tasso medio di parassitismo è stato di circa il 45% per singola colonia risultando simile ad altri studi effettuati. Livelli di parassitismo minori si sono notati all’interno del singolo germoglio. Risultati preliminari sono stati ottenuti per il possibile approccio di lotta biologica con rilascio di sirfidi e coccinellidi. Si nota un andamento simile del grado di infestazione tra il testimone e i due approcci di rilascio. Il metodo di rilascio di sirfidi e coccinellidi sembra essere il migliore con un abbassamento più repentino del grado di infestazione che si mantiene più basso anche a fine stagione.
Recenti acquisizioni sulla fenologia di Eriosoma lanigerum e sulle possibilità di lotta biologica in meleti del Veneto
SCHIRATO, GIANLUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Eriosoma lanigerum is an exotic species of Nearctic origin. It is widespread worldwide, reported in Italy for the first time in 1841. Its behavior is different from that of the countries of origin, where it has a dioecious cycle. In the absence of the primary host (Ulmus americana) in other countries it has a monoecious cycle on apple. The main control factor is its coevolved host-specific parasitoid Aphelinus mali. It was introduced in Europe in 1920, resulting in one of the first successful examples of classical biological control. In the last decade, Eriosoma lanigerum has again been an issue for apple growing. Management remains difficult both in organic and integrated apple orchards. The causes seem to be the continuous reduction of usable active substances, the use of formulations that are not very selective towards beneficial insects, and climate change that can alter the phenology of the aphid and its interactions with the parasitoid. In this study, experimental activities were carried out to obtain new acquisitions on the phenology of E. lanigerum and A. mali and to evaluate the effectiveness of a possible biological control approach. The evaluation of aphid migration disagrees with the general model, given the non-significant difference in the number of aphids captured between the upper and lower collar strip. Although the degree of infestation maintained a similar trend, was significantly different between varieties. Golden Delicious resulted in more infested than Imperatore Dallago and between organs, branches were more infested than the shoots. The population dynamics of A. mali also follow the infestation trend, showing a strong relation with its host during the season. The average parasitism was 45% for each colony, resulting similar to other studies carried out. Lower levels of parasitism were noted inside the single shoot. Preliminary results were obtained for the possible biological control approach with the release of hoverflies and coccinellids. A similar trend in the degree of infestation is noted between the control and the two release approaches. The method of releasing hoverflies and coccinellids appears to be the best, with a more rapid reduction in the level of infestation, which remains lower even at the end of the season.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77890