Management and welfare of ornamental fish in the global market trade: A case study of Banggai cardinal fish

This dissertation explores the welfare challenges within ornamental fish trade with a particular focus on Banngai cardinalfish. The central research question of the dissertation was: How is the welfare of the Banggai cardinalfish impacted by the international ornamental trade, and how can we improve it across the supply chain? Banngai cardinal fish was chosen as a symbolic representation of the challenges within the ornamental fish trade because of its low reproductive and dispersal rate, extremely restricted endemic range, and reliance on benthic organisms, which are themselves endangered, for survival. Despite being listed as endangered by the IUCN, the species has received minimal conservation attention, with no comprehensive monitoring systems in place. Despite the significant economic value and the potential of the trade to support low-income coastal communities, this market is often associated with destructive and harmful fishing methods, such as cyanide fishing, inadequate transport conditions, and poor management practices throughout the supply chain. Through a comprehensive review of scientific literature this dissertation aims to emphasise the need for improved welfare standards, proposing tailored welfare indicators to assess and enhance fish welfare throughout the whole chain of operations. To promote sustainable practices, this dissertation advocates for community driven initiatives, such as habitat restoration through the implementation of Banngai cardinalfish gardens and the implementation of captive breeding programmes aimed at reducing pressure from wild populations. In essence, this review calls for a holistic approach to balance animal welfare, conservation efforts, and economic interests. Engaging every stakeholder across the supply chain, while promoting consumer awareness, and working alongside local communities are the core elements for a more sustainable future. This work aims to not only address the pressing welfare and ecological issues facing the Banggai cardinalfish but also to serve as a broader model for sustainability within the ornamental fish trade.