Introduction. Infectious keratitis, including Pseudomonas, fungal and Acanthamoeba, are corneal infections that can lead to severe reduction of the visual acuity, therefore prompt diagnosis is necessary to initiate appropriate therapy. The diagnosis of these conditions involves slit-lamp examination and microbiological culture, a method that will be analyzed in this study by comparing it with corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), a relatively modern imaging technique capable of providing images comparable to those obtained by observing tissues in vitro, but without the need for tissue removal and sectioning. Study Objective. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and microbiological culture in diagnosing infectious keratitis, including fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Materials and Methods. The reports of 12 patients suffering from infectious keratitis and corneal ulcers referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Padova from 2015 to October 31, 2024, who underwent microbiological investigation and confocal corneal microscopy, have been analyzed. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of microbiological analysis and confocal microscope examination of the cornea have been calculated based on the pathogen being investigated, specifically for Acanthamoeba and fungi. For the search for bacteria, only microbiological investigation was considered. The IVCM demonstrated higher sensitivity compared to microbiology for the detection of fungal infections (IVCM: SE=100.0%; Microbiology: SE=50.0%), for Acanthamoeba (IVCM: SE=50.0%; Microbiology: SE=33.3%), and in the comparison between the two methods (IVCM: SE=75.0%; Microbiology: SE=42.9%). For bacterial keratitis, microbiology remains the gold standard for diagnosis (SE=58.3%). Regarding specificity, microbiology achieved 100.0%, while IVCM demonstrated lower specificity in all types of infectious keratitis; in the search for Acanthamoeba, it was found to be 66.7%, in the search for fungi it was 91.7%, and in the comparison between the two methods, it was 79.2%. Conclusions. The advantages of IVCM include various parameters such as non-invasiveness, real-time and early identification of the organism, its usefulness especially in cases involving slow-growing organisms like fungi and Acanthamoeba, monitoring the treatment response through in vivo visualization of these organisms, guiding therapy, and determining the depth of the infection. Thus, confocal microscopy is a highly useful technique in various scenarios.
Introduzione. Le cheratiti infettive, tra cui quella da Pseudomonas, quella fungina e quella da Acanthamoeba, sono infezioni corneali che possono portare ad importanti riduzioni della funzione visiva, pertanto la diagnosi tempestiva è necessaria al fine di iniziare l’adeguata terapia. La diagnosi di queste patologie si esegue mediante esame in lampada a fessura e tramite coltura microbiologica, indagine che verrà analizzata in questo studio confrontandola con la microscopia confocale corneale in vivo (IVCM), tecnica di imaging relativamente moderna, in grado di fornire immagini paragonabili a quelle ottenute osservando i tessuti in vitro ma senza la necessità di prelevare e sezionare gli stessi. (1) Obiettivo dello studio. Valutare sensibilità e specificità della microscopia confocale in vivo (IVCM) e della coltura microbiologica per la diagnosi di cheratiti infettive, soprattutto di origine fungina e da Acanthamoeba. Materiali e metodi. Sono stati analizzati i referti di 16 pazienti affetti da cheratiti infettive e ulcere corneali afferenti alla Clinica Oculistica di Padova dal 2015 al 31/10/2024, i quali sono stati sottoposti a indagine microbiologica e alla microscopia corneale confocale. Risultati. Sono state calcolate la sensibilità e la specificità dell’analisi microbiologica e dell'esame con biomicroscopia confocale corneale in base al patogeno ricercato, ossia per ricerca di Acanthamoeba e miceti. Per la ricerca di batteri è stata presa in considerazione solo l’indagine microbiologica. L'IVCM ha dimostrato una sensibilità maggiore rispetto alla microbiologia per la ricerca di infezioni fungine (IVCM: SE=100.0%; Microbiologia: SE=50.0%), da Acanthamoeba (IVCM: SE=50.0%; Microbiologia: SE=33.3%) e nel confronto tra le due metodiche (IVCM: SE=75.0%; Microbiologia: SE=42.9%). Per le cheratiti batteriche la microbiologia invece rimane il gold standard per la diagnosi (SE=58.3%). Per quanto riguarda invece la specificità, la microbiologia ha raggiunto il 100.0%, mentre l’IVCM ha dimostrato una specificità minore in tutte le tipologie di cheratiti infettive; nella ricerca di Acanthamoeba è risultata pari al 66.7%, nella ricerca di miceti pari al 91.7%, nel confronto tra le due metodiche è del 79.2%. Conclusioni I vantaggi dell'IVCM includono diversi parametri tra cui la non invasività, l'identificazione in tempo reale e precoce dell'organismo, è utile soprattutto nei casi in cui siano coinvolti organismi a lenta crescita come funghi e Acanthamoeba, il monitoraggio della risposta al trattamento tramite la visualizzazione in vivo di questi organismi, la guida della terapia, e la determinazione della profondità dell'infezione. Pertanto la microscopia confocale è una tecnica di grande utilità in diversi scenari.
Confronto della sensibilità e specificità tra la microscopia confocale e la coltura microbiologica nelle cheratiti infettive
DE BIASIO, ANGELICA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. Infectious keratitis, including Pseudomonas, fungal and Acanthamoeba, are corneal infections that can lead to severe reduction of the visual acuity, therefore prompt diagnosis is necessary to initiate appropriate therapy. The diagnosis of these conditions involves slit-lamp examination and microbiological culture, a method that will be analyzed in this study by comparing it with corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), a relatively modern imaging technique capable of providing images comparable to those obtained by observing tissues in vitro, but without the need for tissue removal and sectioning. Study Objective. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and microbiological culture in diagnosing infectious keratitis, including fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis. Materials and Methods. The reports of 12 patients suffering from infectious keratitis and corneal ulcers referred to the Ophthalmology Clinic of Padova from 2015 to October 31, 2024, who underwent microbiological investigation and confocal corneal microscopy, have been analyzed. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of microbiological analysis and confocal microscope examination of the cornea have been calculated based on the pathogen being investigated, specifically for Acanthamoeba and fungi. For the search for bacteria, only microbiological investigation was considered. The IVCM demonstrated higher sensitivity compared to microbiology for the detection of fungal infections (IVCM: SE=100.0%; Microbiology: SE=50.0%), for Acanthamoeba (IVCM: SE=50.0%; Microbiology: SE=33.3%), and in the comparison between the two methods (IVCM: SE=75.0%; Microbiology: SE=42.9%). For bacterial keratitis, microbiology remains the gold standard for diagnosis (SE=58.3%). Regarding specificity, microbiology achieved 100.0%, while IVCM demonstrated lower specificity in all types of infectious keratitis; in the search for Acanthamoeba, it was found to be 66.7%, in the search for fungi it was 91.7%, and in the comparison between the two methods, it was 79.2%. Conclusions. The advantages of IVCM include various parameters such as non-invasiveness, real-time and early identification of the organism, its usefulness especially in cases involving slow-growing organisms like fungi and Acanthamoeba, monitoring the treatment response through in vivo visualization of these organisms, guiding therapy, and determining the depth of the infection. Thus, confocal microscopy is a highly useful technique in various scenarios.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78410