Introduction: the cornea presents a profound link between structure and function, where the geometric arrangement of collagen fibres ensures optical transparency and mechanical integrity. There are many factors that influence corneal biomechanics, so changes and abnormalities in this area can have profound effects on vision. In particular, it has been shown that in ectasic pathologies, tomographic changes are secondary to a focal weakening that initiates a biomechanical decompensation. Purpose: this paper aims to provide an overview of recent knowledge on corneal biomechanics and to discuss how this can be translated into clinical practice for the benefit of patients with corneal ectasia. Materials and methods: 52 scientific publications retrieved from the Pubmed database were considered. These contributions were then analysed and compared, together with two reference texts. Results: the literature analysis showed that the most reliable and effective tools for biomechanical analysis are the ORA, Corvis ST, ASOCT and Brillouin Microscopy. In particular, the TBI index of the Corvis ST allows an early and accurate diagnosis of ectasia, increasing safety in refractive surgery. The MB, on the other hand, generates a map of corneal stiffness and, with the implementation of the BOSS system, could overcome the current technical limitations, favouring its wider application in ophthalmic practice. Conclusion: in conclusion, biomechanical analysis proves to be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of ectasic keratopathies, especially when integrated with other diagnostic techniques, as it allows early identification of risk conditions. However, research to date has mainly focused on keratoconus, while data on other corneal ectasias are scarce. Extending biomechanical analysis to refractive surgery cases could also reduce the incidence of post-operative iatrogenic ectasia and increase the safety of the procedures. With increasing clinical interest in corneal biomechanics, more widespread use of measuring instruments would be desirable to optimise diagnosis and improve the quality of patient care.
Introduzione: la cornea presenta un profondo legame tra struttura e funzione, dove la disposizione geometrica delle fibre di collagene garantisce trasparenza ottica ed integrità meccanica. I fattori che influenzano la biomeccanica corneale sono molteplici, e modifiche ed anomalie in questo ambito possono avere effetti profondi sulla visione. In particolare, è stato dimostrato che nelle patologie ectasiche le alterazioni tomografiche sono secondarie ad un indebolimento focale che dà inizio ad uno scompenso biomeccanico. Scopo: questo elaborato si propone di fornire una panoramica delle recenti conoscenze sulla biomeccanica corneale, e di discutere come queste possano essere tradotte nella pratica clinica a beneficio dei pazienti con ectasia corneale. Materiali e metodi: sono state prese in considerazione 52 pubblicazioni scientifiche reperite dalla banca dati Pubmed. Tali contributi sono stati successivamente analizzati e comparati, insieme a due testi di riferimento. Risultati: dall’analisi della letteratura è emerso che gli strumenti più affidabili ed efficaci per l’analisi biomeccanica sono l’ORA, il Corvis ST, l’ASOCT e la Microscopia Brillouin. In particolare, l’indice TBI del Corvis ST permette una diagnosi precoce e accurata delle ectasie, incrementando la sicurezza nella chirurgia refrattiva. La MB, invece, genera una mappa della rigidità corneale e, con l’implementazione del sistema BOSS, potrebbe superare i limiti tecnici attuali, favorendone un’applicazione più estesa nella pratica oftalmologica. Conclusione: in sintesi, l’analisi biomeccanica si dimostra utile per la diagnosi e il monitoraggio delle cheratopatie ectasiche, specialmente se integrata con altre tecniche diagnostiche, poiché consente di identificare precocemente condizioni di rischio. Tuttavia, la ricerca è stata finora concentrata principalmente sul cheratocono, mentre relativamente ad altre ectasie corneali i dati si mostrano scarsi. Estendere l’analisi biomeccanica ai casi di chirurgia refrattiva potrebbe inoltre ridurre l’incidenza di ectasia iatrogena post-operatoria, incrementando la sicurezza delle procedure. Con l’aumento dell’interesse clinico per la biomeccanica corneale, una maggiore diffusione degli strumenti di misurazione sarebbe auspicabile per ottimizzare la diagnosi e migliorare la qualità della cura del paziente.
Biomeccanica corneale nelle cheratopatie ectasiche
MORELLO, ANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: the cornea presents a profound link between structure and function, where the geometric arrangement of collagen fibres ensures optical transparency and mechanical integrity. There are many factors that influence corneal biomechanics, so changes and abnormalities in this area can have profound effects on vision. In particular, it has been shown that in ectasic pathologies, tomographic changes are secondary to a focal weakening that initiates a biomechanical decompensation. Purpose: this paper aims to provide an overview of recent knowledge on corneal biomechanics and to discuss how this can be translated into clinical practice for the benefit of patients with corneal ectasia. Materials and methods: 52 scientific publications retrieved from the Pubmed database were considered. These contributions were then analysed and compared, together with two reference texts. Results: the literature analysis showed that the most reliable and effective tools for biomechanical analysis are the ORA, Corvis ST, ASOCT and Brillouin Microscopy. In particular, the TBI index of the Corvis ST allows an early and accurate diagnosis of ectasia, increasing safety in refractive surgery. The MB, on the other hand, generates a map of corneal stiffness and, with the implementation of the BOSS system, could overcome the current technical limitations, favouring its wider application in ophthalmic practice. Conclusion: in conclusion, biomechanical analysis proves to be useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of ectasic keratopathies, especially when integrated with other diagnostic techniques, as it allows early identification of risk conditions. However, research to date has mainly focused on keratoconus, while data on other corneal ectasias are scarce. Extending biomechanical analysis to refractive surgery cases could also reduce the incidence of post-operative iatrogenic ectasia and increase the safety of the procedures. With increasing clinical interest in corneal biomechanics, more widespread use of measuring instruments would be desirable to optimise diagnosis and improve the quality of patient care.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78417