Introduction: Night blindness is caused by an impairment of the rod system that leads to a slowdown in the dark adaptation process, impairing visual performance under scotopic conditions. Conditions that cause night blindness can be divided into hereditary and acquired conditions. Among the latter, Vitamin A deficiency is the most common, and is found in conditions of malnutrition, eating disorders, liver cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, or following bariatric surgery. Purpose of study: To present a clinical case of a 15-year-old boy with reported night blindness, recent onset, suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD on drug therapy with Methylphenidate. Materials and methods: An evaluation including comprehensive eye examination, computerized perimetry (CAP), flash electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), optical coherence tomography (SD- OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), molecular investigation by genome sequencing, and serum vitamin A dosage was performed. Results: Ophthalmologic evaluation, fundus imaging, and CAP were within normal limits. The ERG showed the absence of an identifiable response starting with the rod system and an electronegative response to the massive scotopic ERG. The electronegative result of the flash ERG placed in differential diagnosis Congenital Stable Congenital Night Blindness (CSNB), X-linked Retinoschisis, a form of acquired autoimmune or paraneoplastic retinopathy, and vitamin A deficiency. Genomic sequencing showed mutations in CNGA1, ABCA4 and RPE65 genes in heterozygosity, responsible for autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies, which should not be considered pathogenic. Vitamin A assay was 279 nmol/L [normal range 800-2600nmol/L]. Vitamin A supplementation was then initiated, which resulted in complete recovery of scotopic visual function and normalization of scotopic ERG responses. Conclusions: It is known in the literature that patients with ADHD may have nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin D, B9, B12 and, according to recent evidence, vitamin A. However, to date there have been no reported cases of subjects with ADHD and night blindness secondary to vitamin A deficiency confirmed by electrofunctional tests. The clinical case presented, starting with the visual symptom, allowed multidisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologist, geneticist, pediatrician and child neuropsychiatrist. Such a case suggests the use of more in-depth screening tests to be used in clinical and functional visual framing in ADHD patients, in whom the symptom of night blindness may not be easy to identify.
Introduzione: La cecità notturna è causata da un’alterazione del sistema dei bastoncelli che porta ad un rallentamento nel processo di adattamento al buio, pregiudicando la performance visiva in condizioni scotopiche. Le condizioni che causano cecità notturna possono essere suddivise in condizioni ereditarie e acquisite. Tra queste ultime il deficit di Vitamina A è la più frequente, e si riscontra in condizioni di malnutrizione, nei disturbi alimentari, nella cirrosi epatica, nel morbo di Crohn, o a seguito di chirurgia bariatrica. Scopo dello studio: Presentare un caso clinico di un ragazzo di 15 anni con riferita cecità notturna, di recente insorgenza, affetto da attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD in terapia farmacologica con Metilfenidato. Materiali e metodi: È stata eseguita una valutazione comprendente visita oculistica completa, perimetria computerizzata (PAC), elettroretinogramma da flash (ERG), elettroretinogramma multifocale (mfERG), tomografia a coerenza ottica (SD- OCT), autofluorescenza del fundus (FAF), indagine molecolare mediante sequenziamento del genoma, dosaggio sierico della vitamina A. Risultati: La valutazione oftalmologica, l’imaging del fondo e la PAC sono risultate nei limiti di norma. L’ERG ha evidenziato l’assenza di una risposta identificabile a partenza dal sistema dei bastoncelli ed una risposta elettronegativa all’ERG scotopico massivo. Il risultato elettronegativo dell’ERG da flash ha posto in diagnosi differenziale la Cecità Notturna Congenita Stazionaria (CSNB), la Retinoschisi X-linked, una forma di retinopatia acquisita autoimmune o paraneoplastica ed il deficit di vitamina A. Il sequenziamento genomico ha evidenziato mutazioni dei geni CNGA1, ABCA4 e RPE65 in eterozigosi, responsabili di distrofie retiniche autosomiche recessive, da non considerarsi patogenetiche. Il dosaggio di vitamina A è risultato 279 nmol/L [range normalità 800-2600nmol/L]. È stata quindi avviata una supplementazione di vitamina A che ha portato al completo recupero della funzionalità visiva scotopica e alla normalizzazione delle risposte all’ERG scotopico. Conclusioni: È noto in letteratura che pazienti affetti da ADHD possono presentare carenze nutrizionali quali vitamina D, B9, B12 e, secondo recenti evidenze, vitamina A. Tuttavia, ad oggi non sono stati riportati casi di soggetti con ADHD e cecità notturna secondaria al deficit di vitamina A, confermata da esami elettrofunzionali. Il caso clinico presentato, a partire dal sintomo visivo, ha permesso la collaborazione multidisciplinare tra oftalmologo, genetista, pediatra e neuropsichiatra infantile. Tale caso suggerisce l’uso di test di screening più approfonditi da utilizzare nell’inquadramento clinico e funzionale visivo in pazienti affetti da ADHD, in cui il sintomo di cecità notturna potrebbe non essere di facile identificazione.
Cecità notturna e attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
PELOSO, SARA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Night blindness is caused by an impairment of the rod system that leads to a slowdown in the dark adaptation process, impairing visual performance under scotopic conditions. Conditions that cause night blindness can be divided into hereditary and acquired conditions. Among the latter, Vitamin A deficiency is the most common, and is found in conditions of malnutrition, eating disorders, liver cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, or following bariatric surgery. Purpose of study: To present a clinical case of a 15-year-old boy with reported night blindness, recent onset, suffering from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD on drug therapy with Methylphenidate. Materials and methods: An evaluation including comprehensive eye examination, computerized perimetry (CAP), flash electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), optical coherence tomography (SD- OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), molecular investigation by genome sequencing, and serum vitamin A dosage was performed. Results: Ophthalmologic evaluation, fundus imaging, and CAP were within normal limits. The ERG showed the absence of an identifiable response starting with the rod system and an electronegative response to the massive scotopic ERG. The electronegative result of the flash ERG placed in differential diagnosis Congenital Stable Congenital Night Blindness (CSNB), X-linked Retinoschisis, a form of acquired autoimmune or paraneoplastic retinopathy, and vitamin A deficiency. Genomic sequencing showed mutations in CNGA1, ABCA4 and RPE65 genes in heterozygosity, responsible for autosomal recessive retinal dystrophies, which should not be considered pathogenic. Vitamin A assay was 279 nmol/L [normal range 800-2600nmol/L]. Vitamin A supplementation was then initiated, which resulted in complete recovery of scotopic visual function and normalization of scotopic ERG responses. Conclusions: It is known in the literature that patients with ADHD may have nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin D, B9, B12 and, according to recent evidence, vitamin A. However, to date there have been no reported cases of subjects with ADHD and night blindness secondary to vitamin A deficiency confirmed by electrofunctional tests. The clinical case presented, starting with the visual symptom, allowed multidisciplinary collaboration between ophthalmologist, geneticist, pediatrician and child neuropsychiatrist. Such a case suggests the use of more in-depth screening tests to be used in clinical and functional visual framing in ADHD patients, in whom the symptom of night blindness may not be easy to identify.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78418