Here’s the translation: In a context where life expectancy is continuously increasing and the elderly population is growing exponentially, the in-depth study of neural changes underlying the observable behavioral modifications in older adults is of vital importance. This thesis aims to compare a group of young and healthy older adults, with the objective of discussing the main brain differences between the two groups observable in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Specifically, it examines how, in healthy aging, activity in neural networks changes in relation to performance on the Stroop test, used to quantify and assess executive functions such as inhibitory control and the inhibition of a dominant response. Special attention will be given to investigating the correlation between performance on the Stroop Test and brain activity measured by resting-state fMRI, comparing young adults and healthy older adults. The data were collected during my internship experience. All participants selected for this thesis took part in the GUTBRAIN project, which includes (among other things) MRI acquisition and the administration of a complete neuropsychological assessment battery. Among the administered tests, only a few were selected to address the questions of this thesis: the MMSE, which allows us to assess the global cognitive status of the subject (bearing in mind that the sample is composed of healthy individuals); the Stroop Test, used to assess inhibitory control, the inhibition of a dominant response, and to study how performance on this test correlates with changes in functional networks in older adults; the TMT-A, used as a control variable to isolate the effect of processing speed; and the handedness test to characterize the study population. A selection was also made among the available MRI sequences: structural MRI, DTI, and resting-state MRI were selected. These allow us to investigate brain structure, observe the changes in gray and white matter that occur during aging, and study brain networks and their development in relation to behavioral performance. In short, the results show structural changes due to aging, variations in functional networks due to age, and an improvement in Stroop Test performance in the elderly group, which is associated with a decrease in connectivity strength within the Lateral Visual Network, Left Frontal Parietal Network, and Right Frontal Parietal Network. These results, among other things, provide support for the dedifferentiation theory, suggesting that the decline in neural specialization could influence cognitive performance. In conclusion, the study provides new evidence on the importance of resting-state brain activity in understanding age-related cognitive changes and highlights the impact of aging on neural networks and brain functionality.
In un contesto in cui l'aspettativa di vita è in continuo aumento e la popolazione anziana cresce esponenzialmente, lo studio approfondito dei cambiamenti neurali alla base delle modifiche comportamentali osservabili negli anziani è di vitale importanza. Questo elaborato si propone di confrontare un gruppo di giovani e uno di anziani sani, con l'obiettivo di discutere le principali differenze cerebrali tra i due gruppi osservabili nelle immagini di Risonanza Magnetica. In particolare, esamina come, nell invecchiamento sano, l'attività nei network neurali cambi in relazione alle performance ottenute nel test di Stroop, utilizzato per quantificare e valutare le funzioni esecutive, come il controllo inibitorio e l’inibizione di una risposta dominante . Particolare attenzione sarà posta nell'indagare la correlazione tra le performance allo Stroop Test e l'attività cerebrale misurata tramite fMRI in stato di riposo, confrontando giovani adulti e anziani sani. I dati sono stati raccolti durante la mia esperienza di tirocinio. Tutti i soggetti selezionati per la stesura di questo elaborato hanno preso parte al progetto GUTBRAIN, che prevede (fra le altre cose) l’acquisizione di immagini di risonanza magnetica e la somministrazione di una batteria completa di valutazione neuropsicologica. Tra i test somministrati, solo alcuni sono stati selezionati per rispondere alle domande di questa tesi: il MMSE che ci consente di valutare lo stato cognitivo globale del soggetto (ricordiamo che il campione è composto da soggetti sani), il Test di Stroop per valutare valutare il controllo inibitorio, l’inibizione di una risposta dominante e per studiare come le performance ottenute a questo test correlino con cambiamenti nei network funzionali nell’anziano, il TMT-A utilizzato come variabile di controllo per isolare l’effetto della velocità di elaborazione, e il test per la dominanza manuale per caratterizzare la popolazione di studio. Anche per le sequenze di risonanza è stata fatta una selezione tra quelle disponibili, sono state selezionate le frequenze di: Risonanza Magnetica strutturale, DTI e Risonanza Magnetica allo stato di riposo; queste ci permettono di indagare la struttura cerebrale, osservare i cambiamenti di materia grigia e bianca che occorrono durante l’invecchiamento, e di studiare i network cerebrali e i loro sviluppo anche in relazione a performance comportamentali. I risultati ottenuti, in breve, mostrano cambiamenti strutturali dovuti all’invecchiamento, variazioni nei network funzionali dovuti all’età e un miglioramento nelle performance ottenute al test di Stroop dal gruppo di anziani associato a una diminuzione di forza di connettività all’interno del Lateral Visual Network, Left Frontal Parietal Network e Right Frontal Parietal Network. Questi risultati offrono, fra le altre cose, supporto alla teoria della dedifferenziazione, suggerendo che il declino nella specializzazione neurale potrebbe influenzare le performance cognitive. In conclusione, lo studio fornisce nuove evidenze sull'importanza dell'attività cerebrale in stato di riposo per comprendere i cambiamenti cognitivi legati all'età e sottolinea l'impatto dell'invecchiamento sulle reti neurali e sulla funzionalità cerebrale.
Correlati neurali nell’invecchiamento sano: come i dati neuroanatomici e funzionali a riposo correlano con le performance cognitive al test di Stroop?
DOTTARELLI, IRENE
2023/2024
Abstract
Here’s the translation: In a context where life expectancy is continuously increasing and the elderly population is growing exponentially, the in-depth study of neural changes underlying the observable behavioral modifications in older adults is of vital importance. This thesis aims to compare a group of young and healthy older adults, with the objective of discussing the main brain differences between the two groups observable in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Specifically, it examines how, in healthy aging, activity in neural networks changes in relation to performance on the Stroop test, used to quantify and assess executive functions such as inhibitory control and the inhibition of a dominant response. Special attention will be given to investigating the correlation between performance on the Stroop Test and brain activity measured by resting-state fMRI, comparing young adults and healthy older adults. The data were collected during my internship experience. All participants selected for this thesis took part in the GUTBRAIN project, which includes (among other things) MRI acquisition and the administration of a complete neuropsychological assessment battery. Among the administered tests, only a few were selected to address the questions of this thesis: the MMSE, which allows us to assess the global cognitive status of the subject (bearing in mind that the sample is composed of healthy individuals); the Stroop Test, used to assess inhibitory control, the inhibition of a dominant response, and to study how performance on this test correlates with changes in functional networks in older adults; the TMT-A, used as a control variable to isolate the effect of processing speed; and the handedness test to characterize the study population. A selection was also made among the available MRI sequences: structural MRI, DTI, and resting-state MRI were selected. These allow us to investigate brain structure, observe the changes in gray and white matter that occur during aging, and study brain networks and their development in relation to behavioral performance. In short, the results show structural changes due to aging, variations in functional networks due to age, and an improvement in Stroop Test performance in the elderly group, which is associated with a decrease in connectivity strength within the Lateral Visual Network, Left Frontal Parietal Network, and Right Frontal Parietal Network. These results, among other things, provide support for the dedifferentiation theory, suggesting that the decline in neural specialization could influence cognitive performance. In conclusion, the study provides new evidence on the importance of resting-state brain activity in understanding age-related cognitive changes and highlights the impact of aging on neural networks and brain functionality.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78552