Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex eating disorder characterized by persistent caloric restriction leading to significantly low body weight (APA, 2022; WHO, 2019). The literature indicates a high comorbidity between AN and anxiety disorders, with anxious symptoms often preceding the onset of AN, suggesting that anxiety plays a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of the disorder (Kaye et al., 2021). AN has thus been conceptualized as a disorder rooted in maladaptive fear responses toward food, based on conditioning models similar to those conceptualized for phobic disorders (Strober, 2004; Steinglass et al., 2011; Steinglass & Walsh, 2006). This theoretical framework supports the potential efficacy of exposure-based interventions in reducing food-related anxiety in AN. Accordingly, this pilot study explores a week-long Virtual Reality (VR) exposure protocol involving five daily sessions as an innovative tool to disrupt the fear-avoidance cycles underlying restrictive eating behaviors (Clus et al., 2018; Gorini et al., 2010; Natali et al., 2024). Objectives: This pilot study, conducted on patients with AN in a semi-residential treatment setting, aims to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of the virtual exposure protocol, with particular attention to its impact on food-related anxiety and eating behaviors. Methods: 54 patients with AN, predominantly adolescent and young women, were recruited between January 2023 and August 2024 from various Italian eating disorder treatment centers. Patients were randomized into two exposure conditions: one group was exposed to a virtual kitchen environment featuring food stimuli with varying caloric content, while the other group experienced virtual natural relaxation settings. Self-assessment questionnaires were administered to evaluate baseline conditions, state anxiety, food-related anxiety, sense of presence and perceived discomfort, desire and pleasure for different foods, and motivation for change, including the importance assigned to change and perceived self-efficacy. Results: Initial t-tests revealed no significant baseline differences between the groups in terms of eating disorder psychopathology, depression, stress, anxiety, and emotional regulation, indicating that these variables did not affect the observed outcomes. ANOVA analyses showed moderate-to-high levels of presence (understood as “being there” in the virtual environment); low-to-moderate levels of discomfort, interpreted as cybersickness; and a low dropout rate (10%), suggesting the intervention’s acceptability and feasibility within this clinical population. The main hypothesis anticipated a reduction in state anxiety and meal-related anxiety; infact, both current anxiety and anxiety for the next meal were higher prior to exposure, irrespective of the experimental condition. Also, meal-related anxiety was higher during the first two days of the protocol compared to the last days. These results confirm partially the hypothesis; however the week-long intervention did not significantly reduce state and pre-meal anxiety. A second hypothesis expected an increase in desire for medium- and high-calorie foods and an increase in pleasure for all foods; however, a significant increase was observed only in desire for medium-calorie foods. Finally, the hypothesis regarding an increase in motivation for change, measured by the importance attributed to change and perceived self-efficacy, was not confirmed. Conclusions: The virtual exposure protocol appears to be acceptable and feasible, although the results indicate only partial efficacy in reducing food-related anxiety among patients with AN. Further studies are needed to explore these outcomes in greater depth and to optimize the intervention for enhanced effectiveness.
Background: L'Anoressia Nervosa (AN), è un disturbo alimentare complesso caratterizzato da una restrizione calorica persistente che porta a un peso corporeo significativamente basso (APA, 2022; WHO, 2019). La letteratura mostra una comorbilità elevata tra AN e disturbi d'ansia, con sintomi ansiosi che spesso precedono l’AN, suggerendo un ruolo dell'ansia nell'eziologia e mantenimento del disturbo (Kaye et al., 2021). L’AN è stata quindi concettualizzata come un disturbo radicato in risposte di paura disadattive verso il cibo, basato su modelli di condizionamento simili a quelli fobici (Strober, 2004; Steinglass et al., 2011; Steinglass & Walsh, 2006). Questo quadro teorico indica la potenziale efficacia di interventi di esposizione per ridurre l'ansia legata al cibo. In tal senso, il presente studio pilota esplora un protocollo di esposizione settimanale tramite Realtà Virtuale (RV), con cinque sessioni di esposizione, come strumento innovativo per interrompere i cicli di paura e evitamento alla base delle condotte alimentari restrittive (Clus et al., 2018; Gorini et al., 2010; Natali et al., 2024). Obiettivi: Questo studio pilota, condotto su pazienti con AN in trattamento semiresidenziale, mira a valutare accettabilità, fattibilità ed efficacia preliminare del protocollo di esposizione virtuale, con particolare attenzione al suo impatto sull'ansia verso il cibo e i comportamenti alimentari. Metodi: 54 pazienti con AN, prevalentemente adolescenti e giovani donne, sono state reclutate tra gennaio 2023 e agosto 2024 presso vari centri italiani per il trattamento dei DNA. Le pazienti sono state randomizzate in due condizioni di esposizione: un gruppo è stato esposto a un ambiente di cucina virtuale con stimoli alimentari a diverso contenuto calorico, mentre l'altro ha sperimentato ambienti naturali virtuali volti al rilassamento. Sono stati somministrati questionari autovalutativi per misurare le condizioni basali dei gruppi, l’ansia di stato, l’ansia per il cibo, il senso di presenza e di fastidio percepito, il desiderio e piacere per vari alimenti, e la motivazione al cambiamento, valutando sia l'importanza attribuitagli sia il senso di autoefficacia. Risultati: I t-test iniziali non hanno evidenziato differenze significative tra i gruppi nelle misure di psicopatologia alimentare, depressione, stress, ansia e regolazione emotiva, escludendo così che tali variabili possano influenzare i risultati. Le analisi ANOVA hanno mostrato livelli medio-alti di presenza (ovvero, l’esperienza di “esserci” nell'ambiente virtuale); livelli medio-bassi di disagio (interpretati come cybersickness) e un basso tasso di abbandono (10%), indicando l'accettabilità e fattibilità dell'intervento nella popolazione clinica. L'ipotesi principale prevedeva una riduzione dell'ansia di stato e dell'ansia legata ai pasti; tuttavia, sia l’ansia corrente sia quella per il pasto successivo risultavano elevate prima dell’esposizione, indipendentemente dalle condizioni sperimentali. Nei primi due giorni del protocollo, l’ansia per il pasto successivo è risultata più intensa rispetto agli ultimi giorni, confermando parzialmente l'ipotesi, sebbene la settimana di intervento non abbia ridotto significativamente l'ansia di stato e pre-pasto. Una seconda ipotesi prevedeva un aumento del desiderio per cibi a medio e alto contenuto calorico e del piacere per tutti i cibi; tuttavia, si è osservato solo un aumento significativo nel desiderio per cibi a medio contenuto calorico. Infine, l’ipotesi di un aumento nella motivazione al cambiamento, in termini di importanza attribuita e autoefficacia percepita, non è stata confermata. Conclusioni: Il protocollo di esposizione virtuale risulta accettabile e fattibile, sebbene i risultati suggeriscano solo un'efficacia parziale nella riduzione dell'ansia legata al cibo. Ulteriori studi sono necessari per approfondire questi aspetti e ottimizzare l'intervento e i suoi risultati.
L’utilizzo della realtà virtuale per ridurre l’ansia associata al cibo nell’anoressia nervosa: uno studio pilota
XICCATO, NICOLE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a complex eating disorder characterized by persistent caloric restriction leading to significantly low body weight (APA, 2022; WHO, 2019). The literature indicates a high comorbidity between AN and anxiety disorders, with anxious symptoms often preceding the onset of AN, suggesting that anxiety plays a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of the disorder (Kaye et al., 2021). AN has thus been conceptualized as a disorder rooted in maladaptive fear responses toward food, based on conditioning models similar to those conceptualized for phobic disorders (Strober, 2004; Steinglass et al., 2011; Steinglass & Walsh, 2006). This theoretical framework supports the potential efficacy of exposure-based interventions in reducing food-related anxiety in AN. Accordingly, this pilot study explores a week-long Virtual Reality (VR) exposure protocol involving five daily sessions as an innovative tool to disrupt the fear-avoidance cycles underlying restrictive eating behaviors (Clus et al., 2018; Gorini et al., 2010; Natali et al., 2024). Objectives: This pilot study, conducted on patients with AN in a semi-residential treatment setting, aims to assess the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of the virtual exposure protocol, with particular attention to its impact on food-related anxiety and eating behaviors. Methods: 54 patients with AN, predominantly adolescent and young women, were recruited between January 2023 and August 2024 from various Italian eating disorder treatment centers. Patients were randomized into two exposure conditions: one group was exposed to a virtual kitchen environment featuring food stimuli with varying caloric content, while the other group experienced virtual natural relaxation settings. Self-assessment questionnaires were administered to evaluate baseline conditions, state anxiety, food-related anxiety, sense of presence and perceived discomfort, desire and pleasure for different foods, and motivation for change, including the importance assigned to change and perceived self-efficacy. Results: Initial t-tests revealed no significant baseline differences between the groups in terms of eating disorder psychopathology, depression, stress, anxiety, and emotional regulation, indicating that these variables did not affect the observed outcomes. ANOVA analyses showed moderate-to-high levels of presence (understood as “being there” in the virtual environment); low-to-moderate levels of discomfort, interpreted as cybersickness; and a low dropout rate (10%), suggesting the intervention’s acceptability and feasibility within this clinical population. The main hypothesis anticipated a reduction in state anxiety and meal-related anxiety; infact, both current anxiety and anxiety for the next meal were higher prior to exposure, irrespective of the experimental condition. Also, meal-related anxiety was higher during the first two days of the protocol compared to the last days. These results confirm partially the hypothesis; however the week-long intervention did not significantly reduce state and pre-meal anxiety. A second hypothesis expected an increase in desire for medium- and high-calorie foods and an increase in pleasure for all foods; however, a significant increase was observed only in desire for medium-calorie foods. Finally, the hypothesis regarding an increase in motivation for change, measured by the importance attributed to change and perceived self-efficacy, was not confirmed. Conclusions: The virtual exposure protocol appears to be acceptable and feasible, although the results indicate only partial efficacy in reducing food-related anxiety among patients with AN. Further studies are needed to explore these outcomes in greater depth and to optimize the intervention for enhanced effectiveness.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78569