Background: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) is a common genetic dyslipidaemia characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite its significant prevalence, HeFH is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. The availability of novel lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs), such as PCSK9 inhibitors, has significantly changed the therapeutic approach, improving clinical outcomes. Objective: To analyze the evolution of therapeutic management in patients with genetic HeFH, focusing on the impact of novel LLTs on LDL-C control. In addition, to evaluate the prevalence of ASCVD, associated risk factors and specific therapeutic approaches in this subgroup. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 subjects (M=64, F=79; mean age 44.0±17.1 years) with genetic HeFH enrolled in the LIPIGEN-FH registry were included. Medical history was collected, including data on diagnosis, LLTs, cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus) and the presence of ASCVD, defined as coronary heart disease, carotid or peripheral artery disease or ischaemic stroke. All patients underwent blood sampling for baseline lipid profile analysis and FH genotyping. The mean follow-up was 5.6±2.6 years. During this period, 62% of the baseline cohort had follow-up visits for re-evaluation of lipid profiles, LLTs, and new cardiovascular events. Results: Of the 143 HeFH patients, 97.2% had mutations in the LDLR gene and 2.8% had mutations in the APOB gene. Tendon xanthomas were clinically detectable in 15.4% of patients. The mean pretreatment LDL-C level was 293±92.6 mg/dL. At baseline, 73.4% of patients were on at least one LLT, with mean LDL-C levels of 170±66.0 mg/dL. At final follow-up, LLT was significantly intensified, with 95.5% of patients receiving treatment: 20.2% on monotherapy, 40.4% on conventional combination therapy (statin+ezetimibe) and 32.6% on PCSK9 inhibitors. Mean LDL-C levels at last follow-up were 111±52.9 mg/dL, representing an absolute LDL-C reduction of 224±105 mg/dL (-60.8±20.8%, p <0.001) from pretreatment levels. Therapeutic LDL-C goals <70 mg/dL or <50 mg/dL were achieved in 28% and 12% of patients, respectively. The prevalence of ASCVD in the cohort was 15.4% (n=22), with an incidence of new ASCVD events during follow-up of 3.4%. Male sex, hypertension, smoking, BMI and the presence of xanthomas were associated with ASCVD. In patients with ASCVD who received annual follow-up, LLT was effective: mean LDL-C levels were 51.7±14.0 mg/dL, and two-thirds achieved the LDL-C target of <55 mg/dL. Conclusions: Patients with HeFH followed over time benefited from intensified LLT, resulting in significant reductions in LDL-C levels. However, the majority of patients still did not achieve therapeutic goals. The low incidence of new cardiovascular events during follow-up highlights the expected benefits of combination LLT, including PCSK9 inhibitors, in reducing LDL-C levels and improving outcomes.
Presupposti dello studio: L’ipercolesterolemia familiare eterozigote (HeFH) è una dislipidemia genetica comune, caratterizzata da elevati livelli di colesterolo LDL (LDL-C) e da malattia cardiovascolare aterosclerotica (ASCVD) precoce. Nonostante la sua significativa prevalenza, è spesso sottodiagnosticata e non adeguatamente trattata. La disponibilità di nuove terapie, come gli inibitori di PCSK9, ha significativamente modificato l’approccio terapeutico a questa patologia con possibili benefici negli outcome clinici. Scopo dello studio: Analizzare l’evoluzione della gestione terapeutica dei pazienti con diagnosi genetica di HeFH, con particolare attenzione all’impatto delle nuove terapie ipolipemizzanti sul controllo del LDL-C. Valutare la prevalenza di ASCVD, i fattori di rischio associati, e l’approccio terapeutico specifico in questa sottopopolazione. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati inclusi 143 soggetti (M=64, F=79; età media 44,0±17,1 anni) con diagnosi di HeFH geneticamente confermata, arruolati nel registro LIPIGEN-FH. Per tutti i soggetti è stata raccolta l’anamnesi personale focalizzata alla diagnosi e al trattamento ipocolesterolemizzante, ai fattori di rischio cardiovascolare (ipertensione arteriosa, abitudine al fumo, diabete mellito) e alla presenza di ASCVD intesa come malattia coronarica, arteriopatia periferica carotidea e/o degli arti inferiori, ictus ischemico. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti a prelievo ematico per analisi del profilo lipidico basale e del genotipo di FH. Il follow-up medio è stato di 5,6 ± 2,6 anni, periodo nel quale il 62% della coorte basale ha proseguito i controlli e della quale è stato rivalutato il profilo lipidico, la terapia ipolipemizzante e le nuove manifestazioni cardiovascolari. Risultati: Tra i 143 soggetti in studio, il 97,2% presentava mutazioni nel gene LDLR e il 2,8% nel gene APOB; il 15,4% dei pazienti presentava xantomi tendinei rilevabili all’esame clinico. I livelli medi di LDL-C pre-trattamento erano di 293±92,6 mg/dL; alla visita basale con il 73,4% dei soggetti in terapia con almeno un farmaco ipolipemizzante, il valore di LDL-C medio era pari a 170±66,0 mg/dL. All’ultima visita di follow-up, si è registrata un’implementazione della terapia ipolipemizzante: la quasi totalità dei pazienti era in trattamento (95,5%), di cui il 20,2% in monoterapia, il 40,4% in terapia di combinazione convenzionale (statina+ezetimibe) e l’utilizzo degli inibitori di PCSK9 ha subito un significativo incremento interessando il 32,6% dei pazienti. Il livello medio di LDL-C all’ultimo follow-up era pari a 111±52,9 mg/dL, quindi rispetto a valori pre-trattamento si è registrata una riduzione assoluta di LDL-C di 224±105 mg/dL (-60,8±20,8%, p<0,001). Il target terapeutico di LDL-C < 70 mg/dL o LDL-C < 50 mg/dL è stato raggiunto rispettivamente dal 28% e 12% dei pazienti all’ultimo follow-up. La prevalenza di ASCVD nella corte è stata pari al 15,4% (n=22). Al follow-up l’incidenza di nuovi eventi di ASCVD è stata pari al 3,4%. Sesso maschile, ipertensione arteriosa, fumo, BMI e presenza di xantomi sono le variabili risultate essere associate a ASCVD. Nei pazienti con ASCVD seguiti annualmente in ambulatorio, la terapia ipolipemizzante è risultata essere efficace: in questo sottogruppo, i livelli medi di LDL-C erano di 51,7±14,0 mg/dL e due terzi raggiungevano il target di LDL-C < 55 mg/dL. Conclusioni: I pazienti con HeFH seguiti al follow-up hanno beneficiato del potenziamento del trattamento ipolipemizzante. Questo ha determinato una riduzione significativa dei livelli di LDL-C, sebbene la maggioranza dei pazienti ancora non raggiunga l’obiettivo terapeutico. La bassa incidenza di nuovi eventi cardiovascolari al follow-up sembra essere dimostrazione del beneficio atteso dall'efficacia della terapia ipolipemizzante di combinazione, includente gli inibitori di PCSK9, nel ridurre i livelli di LDL-C.
REGISTRO ITALIANO DELLE DISLIPIDEMIE GENETICHE: ESPERIENZA DEL CENTRO CLINICO PADOVANO NELLA GESTIONE DELL'IPERCOLESTEROLEMIA FAMILIARE ETEROZIGOTE
DA CORTÀ FUMEI, BEATRICE
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) is a common genetic dyslipidaemia characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite its significant prevalence, HeFH is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. The availability of novel lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs), such as PCSK9 inhibitors, has significantly changed the therapeutic approach, improving clinical outcomes. Objective: To analyze the evolution of therapeutic management in patients with genetic HeFH, focusing on the impact of novel LLTs on LDL-C control. In addition, to evaluate the prevalence of ASCVD, associated risk factors and specific therapeutic approaches in this subgroup. Materials and Methods: A total of 143 subjects (M=64, F=79; mean age 44.0±17.1 years) with genetic HeFH enrolled in the LIPIGEN-FH registry were included. Medical history was collected, including data on diagnosis, LLTs, cardiovascular risk factors (arterial hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus) and the presence of ASCVD, defined as coronary heart disease, carotid or peripheral artery disease or ischaemic stroke. All patients underwent blood sampling for baseline lipid profile analysis and FH genotyping. The mean follow-up was 5.6±2.6 years. During this period, 62% of the baseline cohort had follow-up visits for re-evaluation of lipid profiles, LLTs, and new cardiovascular events. Results: Of the 143 HeFH patients, 97.2% had mutations in the LDLR gene and 2.8% had mutations in the APOB gene. Tendon xanthomas were clinically detectable in 15.4% of patients. The mean pretreatment LDL-C level was 293±92.6 mg/dL. At baseline, 73.4% of patients were on at least one LLT, with mean LDL-C levels of 170±66.0 mg/dL. At final follow-up, LLT was significantly intensified, with 95.5% of patients receiving treatment: 20.2% on monotherapy, 40.4% on conventional combination therapy (statin+ezetimibe) and 32.6% on PCSK9 inhibitors. Mean LDL-C levels at last follow-up were 111±52.9 mg/dL, representing an absolute LDL-C reduction of 224±105 mg/dL (-60.8±20.8%, p <0.001) from pretreatment levels. Therapeutic LDL-C goals <70 mg/dL or <50 mg/dL were achieved in 28% and 12% of patients, respectively. The prevalence of ASCVD in the cohort was 15.4% (n=22), with an incidence of new ASCVD events during follow-up of 3.4%. Male sex, hypertension, smoking, BMI and the presence of xanthomas were associated with ASCVD. In patients with ASCVD who received annual follow-up, LLT was effective: mean LDL-C levels were 51.7±14.0 mg/dL, and two-thirds achieved the LDL-C target of <55 mg/dL. Conclusions: Patients with HeFH followed over time benefited from intensified LLT, resulting in significant reductions in LDL-C levels. However, the majority of patients still did not achieve therapeutic goals. The low incidence of new cardiovascular events during follow-up highlights the expected benefits of combination LLT, including PCSK9 inhibitors, in reducing LDL-C levels and improving outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
DaCortàFumei_Beatrice.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
2.84 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.84 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78609