Background: the aging population represents a growing global challenge, characterized by the discrepancy between life expectancy and the duration of a healthy state. Biological processes such as cellular senescence and immunosenescence interact and contribute to the state of chronic inflammation in geriatric patients, affecting not only physiological aging but also the onset of chronic diseases. However, the exact biological mechanisms that govern the transition from physiological to pathological aging have not yet been fully clarified. The study of biomarkers could provide a significant contribution to this field of research, helping to highlight potential organ-tissue cross-talks that play a determining role in the aging process. Aim of the study: to evaluate the association between specific neurodegeneration biomarkers and muscle health in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy controls (HC), as well as to assess the potential relationship of these biomarkers with functional capacities. Materials and Methods: a longitudinal observational study was conducted, enrolling outpatients over 65 years old with AD, PD, and HC. Clinical data collected included medical history, comorbidities, functional domain, anthropometric data, body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the 2019 revised European criteria. Biomarkers (Neurofilament Light Chain - NfL, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - GFAP, amyloid Aβ40, Aβ42, and Tau protein) were measured using Simoa technology. Results: a total of 143 patients were evaluated, including 73 HC (female: 51.4%, mean age: 72.7 ± 4.6 years), 46 with PD (female: 27.1%, mean age: 73.9 ± 5.5 years), and 24 with Alzheimer's disease AD (female: 21.4%, mean age: 80.8 ± 6.0 years). Patients with AD had lower scores in MNA, ADL, IADL, and cognitive tests compared to both HC and PD groups. Biomarker levels of NfL, GFAP and pTau181 were higher in AD patients. Reduced muscle strength was observed in 36% of the total sample: 59% in AD, 45% in PD, and 23% in HC. Regarding muscle mass, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. The highest NfL tertile was associated with lower handgrip strength (β: -4.38, p = 0.02), even after adjusting for age, sex, and underlying disease. No other significant correlations were observed between physical performance tests and neurodegeneration biomarkers. Six months after the initial evaluation, 71 patients were recontacted. Changes in functional status over six months (measured as the difference between follow-up and baseline scores) were significantly associated with levels of t-tau (β = -0.43, p < 0.001) and p-tau181 (β = -0.03, p = 0.001). Conclusions: neurodegeneration biomarkers appear to influence muscle health and physical performance, supporting the hypothesis of a potential direct interaction between muscle and brain. These findings represent a preliminary step toward understanding the actual role of biomarkers in physiological aging and chronic diseases in elderly patients, as well as their potential clinical implications. This knowledge could contribute to preventing muscle degeneration and preserving patient autonomy.
Presupposti dello studio: l'invecchiamento della popolazione rappresenta una sfida globale crescente, caratterizzata dalla discrepanza tra l'aspettativa di vita e la durata dello stato di buona salute. Processi biologici come la senescenza cellulare e l'immunosenescenza interagiscono e contribuiscono allo stato di infiammazione cronica nei pazienti geriatrici, influenzando non solo l'invecchiamento fisiologico, ma anche l'insorgenza di patologie croniche. Tuttavia, gli esatti meccanismi biologici che regolano il passaggio dall'invecchiamento fisiologico a quello patologico non sono stati ancora del tutto chiariti. Lo studio dei biomarcatori potrebbe fornire un importante contributo a questo campo della ricerca, aiutando a evidenziare potenziali cross-talk organo-tissutali determinanti nel processo di invecchiamento. Scopo dello studio: valutare l’associazione tra i biomarcatori specifici della neurodegenerazione e la salute muscolare nei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson (PD), Alzheimer (AD) e in individui sani (HC) e valutare la possibile associazione di questi biomarcatori con le capacità funzionali. Materiali e metodi: è stato condotto uno studio osservazionale longitudinale, reclutando pazienti ambulatoriali di età superiore ai 65 anni, affetti da AD, PD, e HC. Sono stati raccolte le seguenti informazioni cliniche: i dati anamnestici, le comorbidità, il dominio funzionale e dati antropometrici, composizione corporea, forza e performance fisica. La diagnosi di sarcopenia è stata effettuata in accordo con i criteri della revisione europea del 2019 (1). I biomarcatori (NfL Neurofilament Light Chain, GFAP - glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, amiloide Aβ40, Aβ42, proteina Tau) sono stati dosati utilizzando la tecnologia Simoa. Risultati: sono stati valutati 143 pazienti, di cui 73 sani (F= 51.4%, età media=72.7±4.6), 46 con PD (F= 27.1%, età media=73.9±5.5) e 24 con AD (F= 21.4%, età media=80.8±6.0). I pazienti con AD presentavano punteggi più bassi di MNA, ADL, IADL e test cognitivi rispetto sia a HC che a PD. I livelli dei biomarcatori NfL, GFAP e pTau181 erano più elevati nei pazienti con AD. Il 36% del campione totale presentava ridotta forza muscolare, di cui il 59% in AD, 45% in PD e 23% in HC. In merito alla massa muscolare, non sono state riscontrate differenze statisticamente significative tra i gruppi. Il terzile più alto di NfL era associato a peggiori livelli di handgrip (β: -4.38, p=0.02), anche dopo aggiustamento per età, sesso e patologia di base. Non sono emerse altre significative correlazioni tra i test di performance e i biomarcatori di neurodegenerazione. A sei mesi dalla valutazione iniziale, abbiamo ricontattato 71 pazienti; la variazione dello stato funzionale a 6 mesi (inteso come differenza tra il punteggio al follow-up e il punteggio iniziale) era significativamente associato ai livelli di t-tau (β=-0.43, p<0.001) e p-tau181 (β=-0.03, p=0.001). Conclusioni: i biomarcatori di neurodegenerazione sembrano influenzare la salute muscolare e la performance fisica, supportando l'ipotesi di una possibile interazione diretta tra muscolo e cervello. Tali considerazioni sono un primo passo per arrivare a comprendere la reale funzione dei biomarcatori nell’invecchiamento fisiologico e nelle patologie croniche nei pazienti anziani e capire la loro possibile implicazione clinica, in modo tale da prevenire la degenerazione muscolare e l’autonomia del paziente.
Il ruolo dei biomarcatori dall'invecchiamento fisiologico alle patologie croniche nel paziente anziano
MORO, SUSANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: the aging population represents a growing global challenge, characterized by the discrepancy between life expectancy and the duration of a healthy state. Biological processes such as cellular senescence and immunosenescence interact and contribute to the state of chronic inflammation in geriatric patients, affecting not only physiological aging but also the onset of chronic diseases. However, the exact biological mechanisms that govern the transition from physiological to pathological aging have not yet been fully clarified. The study of biomarkers could provide a significant contribution to this field of research, helping to highlight potential organ-tissue cross-talks that play a determining role in the aging process. Aim of the study: to evaluate the association between specific neurodegeneration biomarkers and muscle health in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy controls (HC), as well as to assess the potential relationship of these biomarkers with functional capacities. Materials and Methods: a longitudinal observational study was conducted, enrolling outpatients over 65 years old with AD, PD, and HC. Clinical data collected included medical history, comorbidities, functional domain, anthropometric data, body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the 2019 revised European criteria. Biomarkers (Neurofilament Light Chain - NfL, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein - GFAP, amyloid Aβ40, Aβ42, and Tau protein) were measured using Simoa technology. Results: a total of 143 patients were evaluated, including 73 HC (female: 51.4%, mean age: 72.7 ± 4.6 years), 46 with PD (female: 27.1%, mean age: 73.9 ± 5.5 years), and 24 with Alzheimer's disease AD (female: 21.4%, mean age: 80.8 ± 6.0 years). Patients with AD had lower scores in MNA, ADL, IADL, and cognitive tests compared to both HC and PD groups. Biomarker levels of NfL, GFAP and pTau181 were higher in AD patients. Reduced muscle strength was observed in 36% of the total sample: 59% in AD, 45% in PD, and 23% in HC. Regarding muscle mass, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. The highest NfL tertile was associated with lower handgrip strength (β: -4.38, p = 0.02), even after adjusting for age, sex, and underlying disease. No other significant correlations were observed between physical performance tests and neurodegeneration biomarkers. Six months after the initial evaluation, 71 patients were recontacted. Changes in functional status over six months (measured as the difference between follow-up and baseline scores) were significantly associated with levels of t-tau (β = -0.43, p < 0.001) and p-tau181 (β = -0.03, p = 0.001). Conclusions: neurodegeneration biomarkers appear to influence muscle health and physical performance, supporting the hypothesis of a potential direct interaction between muscle and brain. These findings represent a preliminary step toward understanding the actual role of biomarkers in physiological aging and chronic diseases in elderly patients, as well as their potential clinical implications. This knowledge could contribute to preventing muscle degeneration and preserving patient autonomy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78612