Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is a condition in which a fetus does not reach its growth potential, showing Doppler abnormalities and both short- and long-term complications. This condition is characterized by a weight below the 10th percentile. Specifically, according to the Delphi classification, early and late forms of FGR are distinguished, with solitary and contributory factors. In the early form, solitary factors include an estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference (AC) below the 3rd percentile, or alternatively, an umbilical artery with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (AREDV). Contributory factors include an EFW or AC below the 10th percentile, and a pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine and umbilical arteries above the 95th percentile. In the late form, solitary factors include an EFW or AC below the 3rd percentile or at least two of the following: an EFW or AC below the 10th percentile, altered EFW or AC percentiles by more than two quartiles, CPR below the 5th percentile, or an umbilical artery PI above the 95th percentile. To prevent complications associated with this condition, early diagnosis is necessary to enable timely intervention. Diagnosis requires fetal surveillance based on gestational age and the use of Doppler assessments. Doppler monitoring of the umbilical artery and fetal growth assessment are essential. Generally, delivery occurs between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation. Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the aortic isthmus as an ultrasound parameter for early diagnosis of fetal growth restriction and improve prenatal management, using Doppler indices to predict neonatal outcomes and reduce perinatal complications. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 211 patients, with suspected fetal growth defects, assessed through ultrasound and Doppler evaluations. Fetuses were classified into AGA, SGA, and FGR groups. Maternal data: age, parity, ethnicity, gestational week at diagnosis and follow-up ultrasound; estimated fetal weight (EFW) with percentiles for EFW and abdominal circumference; fetal Doppler parameters (umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, aortic isthmus) and maternal Doppler parameters (uterine arteries). The composite adverse outcome comprised: pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, NICU hospitalization, cardiopulmonary fetal resuscitation, and Apgar score <7 at the 5th minute. We performed a univariate and multivariate logistic regression Results: In FGR fetuses, an increase in the pulsatility index of the aortic isthmus (PI-AoI) and ductus venosus (PI-DV) were observed, indicating hemodynamic compromise, along with a significantly reduced cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), suggesting cerebral redistribution. Structurally, the increased aortic intima-media thickness (aIMT) and reduced aortic diameter reflect unfavorable cardiovascular adaptation. Adverse outcomes were reported in 58% of neonates, with an 18% admission rate to intensive care, confirming the predictive value of ultrasound parameters for perinatal risk stratification. Conclusion: The study highlights clinical and ultrasound differences among AGA, SGA, and FGR, emphasizing the crucial role of the aortic isthmus in the early diagnosis and monitoring of fetuses with growth restriction (FGR). Parameters such as IFI, CPR, and aIMT demonstrate significant predictive value for growth and neonatal outcomes, supporting a more targeted clinical management. The integration of the aortic isthmus into protocols and further research to validate its routine use are encouraged.
La restrizione di crescita (FGR) è la condizione per cui un feto non raggiunge il proprio potenziale di crescita con alterazioni al Doppler e complicanze a breve e lungo termine. La condizione si caratterizza per un peso inferiore al 10° percentile, in particolare, attraverso la classificazione Delphi si distinguono una forma precoce e una tardiva con fattori solitari e contributivi. Nella forma precoce, tra i fattori solitari si osserva una peso stimato (EWF) o circonferenza addome (CA) inferiore al 3° percentile o in alternativa un’arteria ombelicale con flusso assente o invertito (AREDV); tra i fattori contributivi oltre all’EWF o CA < al 10° percentile si riscontrano un PI delle arterie uterine e ombelicale > 95° percentile. Nella forma tardiva, tra i fattori solitari troviamo un EWF o CA inferiore al 3° percentile o almeno due tra EWF o CA < al 10° percentile, percentili EWF o CA alterati per più di due quartili, CPR < 5° percentile o PI dell’arteria ombelicale > 95° percentile. Al fine di evitare le complicanze legate alla condizione è necessario eseguire una diagnosi precoce in modo da poter intervenire tempestivamente. La diagnosi necessita di una sorveglianza fetale basata sull’età gestazionale e sull’utilizzo del Doppler. È necessario eseguire un monitoraggio con il Doppler dell’arteria ombelicale e la valutazione della crescita fetale. Normalmente il parto avvia tra le 34-37 settimane di gravidanza. Scopo: Lo studio mira a valutare l’istmo aortico come parametro ecografico per la diagnosi precoce della restrizione di crescita fetale e il miglioramento della gestione prenatale, utilizzando gli indici Doppler per predire gli outcome neonatali e ridurre le complicanze perinatali. Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 211 pazienti tra la 24ª e la 38ª settimana di gravidanza, con sospetti di difetti di crescita fetale, valutate con ecografie e Doppler. I feti sono stati classificati in gruppi AGA, SGA e FGR. Si raccolgono: età, parità, etnia, settimana gestazionale alla diagnosi e all’ecografia di controllo per la madre; peso fetale stimato con i percentili del peso stimato e della circonferenza addome; Doppler fetale (arterie uterine, arteria ombelicale, arteria cerebrale media, dotto venoso e istmo aortico) e materno (arterie uterine). L’outcome avverso composto comprendeva: pre-eclampsia, distress fetale, ricovero in TIN, rianimazione cardiopolmonare fetale e Apgar score a 5 minuti inferiore a 7. È stata eseguita una regressione logistica univariata e multivariata. Risultati: Nei feti FGR si evidenziano un incremento del PI dell’istmo aortico (PI-AoI) e del dotto venoso (PI-DV), indicatori di compromissione emodinamica, e un CPR significativamente ridotto, segno di ridistribuzione cerebrale. Sul piano strutturale, l’aumento dello spessore intima-media aortico (aIMT) e la riduzione del diametro aortico riflettono un adattamento cardiovascolare sfavorevole. Il 58% dei neonati ha riportato esiti avversi, con un tasso di ricovero in terapia intensiva del 18%, confermando il valore predittivo dei parametri ecografici per la stratificazione del rischio perinatale. Conclusioni: Lo studio evidenzia differenze cliniche ed ecografiche tra AGA, SGA e FGR, sottolineando il ruolo cruciale dell’istmo aortico nella diagnosi precoce e nel monitoraggio dei feti con restrizione di crescita (FGR). Parametri come IFI, CPR e aIMT hanno un valore predittivo significativo per la crescita e gli esiti neonatali, supportando una gestione clinica più mirata. Si auspica l’integrazione dell’istmo aortico nei protocolli e ulteriori ricerche per validarne l’utilizzo routinario.
Indici di predittività ecografici: dal Doppler alla velocità di crescita fetale
SAVEGNAGO, CRISTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is a condition in which a fetus does not reach its growth potential, showing Doppler abnormalities and both short- and long-term complications. This condition is characterized by a weight below the 10th percentile. Specifically, according to the Delphi classification, early and late forms of FGR are distinguished, with solitary and contributory factors. In the early form, solitary factors include an estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference (AC) below the 3rd percentile, or alternatively, an umbilical artery with absent or reversed end-diastolic flow (AREDV). Contributory factors include an EFW or AC below the 10th percentile, and a pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine and umbilical arteries above the 95th percentile. In the late form, solitary factors include an EFW or AC below the 3rd percentile or at least two of the following: an EFW or AC below the 10th percentile, altered EFW or AC percentiles by more than two quartiles, CPR below the 5th percentile, or an umbilical artery PI above the 95th percentile. To prevent complications associated with this condition, early diagnosis is necessary to enable timely intervention. Diagnosis requires fetal surveillance based on gestational age and the use of Doppler assessments. Doppler monitoring of the umbilical artery and fetal growth assessment are essential. Generally, delivery occurs between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation. Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the aortic isthmus as an ultrasound parameter for early diagnosis of fetal growth restriction and improve prenatal management, using Doppler indices to predict neonatal outcomes and reduce perinatal complications. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 211 patients, with suspected fetal growth defects, assessed through ultrasound and Doppler evaluations. Fetuses were classified into AGA, SGA, and FGR groups. Maternal data: age, parity, ethnicity, gestational week at diagnosis and follow-up ultrasound; estimated fetal weight (EFW) with percentiles for EFW and abdominal circumference; fetal Doppler parameters (umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus, aortic isthmus) and maternal Doppler parameters (uterine arteries). The composite adverse outcome comprised: pre-eclampsia, fetal distress, NICU hospitalization, cardiopulmonary fetal resuscitation, and Apgar score <7 at the 5th minute. We performed a univariate and multivariate logistic regression Results: In FGR fetuses, an increase in the pulsatility index of the aortic isthmus (PI-AoI) and ductus venosus (PI-DV) were observed, indicating hemodynamic compromise, along with a significantly reduced cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), suggesting cerebral redistribution. Structurally, the increased aortic intima-media thickness (aIMT) and reduced aortic diameter reflect unfavorable cardiovascular adaptation. Adverse outcomes were reported in 58% of neonates, with an 18% admission rate to intensive care, confirming the predictive value of ultrasound parameters for perinatal risk stratification. Conclusion: The study highlights clinical and ultrasound differences among AGA, SGA, and FGR, emphasizing the crucial role of the aortic isthmus in the early diagnosis and monitoring of fetuses with growth restriction (FGR). Parameters such as IFI, CPR, and aIMT demonstrate significant predictive value for growth and neonatal outcomes, supporting a more targeted clinical management. The integration of the aortic isthmus into protocols and further research to validate its routine use are encouraged.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78613