A pragmatic analysis of traditional Chinese toasts: the role played by age and gender

This study investigates the pragmatic aspects of traditional Chinese toasts, focusing on the role of age and gender in shaping their linguistic features and social functions. Toasts are a key component of Chinese social interactions, serving as vehicles for expressing respect, reinforcing relationships, and negotiating social roles. Drawing on data collected from spontaneous and elicited toasts across diverse social settings, this research examines how age and gender influence the structure, style, and strategic delivery of toasts. The findings reveal that older participants tend to use more formal and respectful language, emphasizing traditional values and hierarchy, while younger speakers favor casual and innovative expressions, reflecting modern social dynamics. Gender differences are also evident, with males often employing assertive and status-oriented language, whereas females prioritize relational and emotive strategies. By providing a detailed analysis of the pragmatic and cultural dimensions of traditional Chinese toasts, this study enhances our understanding of the intersection between language, culture, and social identity. The findings have broader implications for research on speech acts and intercultural communication, highlighting the evolving role of language in maintaining social cohesion and navigating cultural change. Keywords: Toasts; Chinese; Pragmatic analysis; Age; Gender; Social roles