Background: Falls from a height represent an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Italy, occurring in 19.2% of suicides and 32.5% of accidental falls. This study analyzes the differences between those who jump for suicidal purposes (jumpers) and those who fall accidentally (fallers) with the aim to identifying the presence of pathologic-forensic patterns useful to the forensic scientist in differentiating a suicidal dynamic from an accidental one in cases of falls from height. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 108 autopsy cases of deaths resulting from falls from height, carried out at the Institutes of Legal Medicine of Padua, Bologna, Messina, and Lugano between 1995 and 2024. Epidemiological data (sex, fall height <10 or ≥10 meters, presence of psychiatric disorders) and pathological-forensic findings were collected, including fractures (head, chest, spine, upper limbs, and lower limbs) and organ injuries (subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural and intraparenchymal hemorrhages, injuries to lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and heart). The association between the categorical variable "dynamics" and another categorical variable was summarized in contingency tables. The significance of the association was assessed using chi-square statistics with a critical threshold of 0.05. Results: Male victims are more frequent among fallers (89.9%), while psychiatric disorders are more frequent among jumpers (65.2%). Suicides are more common for heights ≥10 meters (61.4%), whereas accidental falls are more frequent for heights <10 meters (60.7%) (p = 0.026). Regarding fractures, dorsal spine fractures are statistically more frequent in jumpers (47.8% vs 29%, p = 0.046), while rib fractures (84.8% vs 64.5%, p = 0.019), upper limb fractures (63% vs 28.1%, p < 0.001), and lower limb fractures (56.5% vs 29%, p = 0.023) are statistically more frequent in fallers. As for organ injuries, lung injuries (71.7% vs 51.6%, p = 0.035), liver injuries (52.2% vs 22.6%, p = 0.001), spleen injuries (52.5% vs 22.5%, p = 0.001) and heart injuries (26.1% vs 11.3%, p = 0.046) are statistically more frequent in jumpers. For falls <10 meters, cranial injuries are more frequent among fallers but tend to equalize with increasing height. Regarding the thoraco-abdominal region, lung, liver, spleen and heart injuries are more frequent among jumpers regardless of whether the fall height is <10 or ≥10 meters, with a tendency to increase as the fall height increases. Finally, for the appendicular region, fractures of the upper and lower limbs are more frequent in jumpers, regardless of fall height. Conclusions: The results confirm the presence of different pathological-forensic patterns in cases of suicides and accidental falls, consistent with the main findings reported in the literature. The analyzed data indicate that cranial injuries are more frequent among fallers, while injuries to the upper and lower limbs and the thoracic region are more frequent among jumpers. In falls from heights greater than ten meters, the results tend to overlap as the height increases, due to the increased force of the impact.
Presupposti dello studio: Le cadute dall’alto sono un’importante causa di mortalità e morbidità in Italia, riscontrate nel 19,2% dei suicidi e nel 32,5% degli incidenti. Il presente studio analizza le differenze tra chi salta con intenti suicidi (jumpers) e chi cade accidentalmente (fallers) con l’obiettivo di identificare la presenza di pattern patologico-forensi utili per differenziare una dinamica suicidaria da una accidentale nei casi di cadute dall’alto. Materiali e Metodi: Si è condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 108 casi autoptici di decessi conseguenti a cadute dall’alto afferiti agli Istituti di Medicina Legale di Padova, Bologna, Messina e Lugano dal 1995 al 2024. Si sono raccolti dati epidemiologici (sesso, altezza di caduta <10 o ≥ 10 m, presenza di disturbi psichiatrici) e patologico-forensi quali fratture (capo, torace, colonna vertebrale, arti superiori e inferiori) e lesioni d’organo (emorragia subaracnoidea, subdurale e intraparenchimale, lesioni a polmoni, fegato, reni, milza e cuore). L'associazione tra la variabile categorica "dinamica" e un’altra variabile categorica è stata riassunta in tabelle di contingenza. La significatività dell'associazione è stata valutata utilizzando la statistica test chi-quadro con soglia critica 0.05 Risultati: le vittime maschili sono più frequenti nei fallers (89.9%), mentre i disturbi psichiatrici sono più frequenti nei jumpers (65.2%). I suicidi sono più frequenti per altezze ≥10 m (61.4%), mentre le cadute accidentali per altezze < 10 m (60.7%) (p = 0.026). Per quanto attiene le fratture, nei jumpers sono statisticamente più frequenti le fratture del rachide dorsale (47.8% vs 29%, p = 0.046), mentre nei fallers sono statisticamente più frequenti le fratture costali (84,8% vs 64,5%, p = 0.019), degli AS (63% vs 28,1%, p < 0.001) e AI (56,5% vs 29% p = 0.023). Relativamente alle lesività d’organo, nei jumpers sono statisticamente più frequenti le lesioni a polmoni (71,7% vs 51,6% p = 0.035), al fegato (52,2% vs 22,6%, p = 0.001), alla milza (52,5% vs 22,5%, p = 0.001) e al cuore (26,1% vs 11,3%, p = 0.046). Per cadute < 10 m, tutte le lesioni al distretto craniale sono in percentuale superiore tra i fallers, ma tendono ad eguagliarsi all’aumentare dell’altezza. Relativamente al distretto toraco-addominale, le lesioni polmonari, epatiche, spleniche e cardiache sono più frequenti tra i jumpers a prescindere da una di caduta < 10 o ≥ 10 metri, con tendenza ad aumentare con l’incremento dell’altezza di caduta. Infine, per quanto attiene il distretto appendicolare, le fratture degli arti superiori ed inferiori sono più frequenti nei jumpers, indipendentemente dall’altezza di caduta. Conclusioni: I risultati confermano la presenza di pattern patologico-forensi differenti nei casi di suicidi e cadute accidentali, in accordo con i principali rilievi riportati nella letteratura. I dati analizzati sono indicativi di lesioni al distretto cranico maggiormente frequenti tra i fallers, mentre le lesioni agli arti superiori, inferiori e al distretto toracico, sono più frequenti tra i jumpers. Nelle cadute da altezza superiore a dieci metri i risultati ottenuti tendono a sovrapporsi all’aumentare dell’altezza, come conseguenza dell’aumentata forza dell’impatto lesivo.
Cadute dall'alto e pattern patologico-forensi correlati a dinamica suicidiaria o accidentale
MARINI, MARTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Falls from a height represent an important cause of mortality and morbidity in Italy, occurring in 19.2% of suicides and 32.5% of accidental falls. This study analyzes the differences between those who jump for suicidal purposes (jumpers) and those who fall accidentally (fallers) with the aim to identifying the presence of pathologic-forensic patterns useful to the forensic scientist in differentiating a suicidal dynamic from an accidental one in cases of falls from height. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 108 autopsy cases of deaths resulting from falls from height, carried out at the Institutes of Legal Medicine of Padua, Bologna, Messina, and Lugano between 1995 and 2024. Epidemiological data (sex, fall height <10 or ≥10 meters, presence of psychiatric disorders) and pathological-forensic findings were collected, including fractures (head, chest, spine, upper limbs, and lower limbs) and organ injuries (subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural and intraparenchymal hemorrhages, injuries to lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen and heart). The association between the categorical variable "dynamics" and another categorical variable was summarized in contingency tables. The significance of the association was assessed using chi-square statistics with a critical threshold of 0.05. Results: Male victims are more frequent among fallers (89.9%), while psychiatric disorders are more frequent among jumpers (65.2%). Suicides are more common for heights ≥10 meters (61.4%), whereas accidental falls are more frequent for heights <10 meters (60.7%) (p = 0.026). Regarding fractures, dorsal spine fractures are statistically more frequent in jumpers (47.8% vs 29%, p = 0.046), while rib fractures (84.8% vs 64.5%, p = 0.019), upper limb fractures (63% vs 28.1%, p < 0.001), and lower limb fractures (56.5% vs 29%, p = 0.023) are statistically more frequent in fallers. As for organ injuries, lung injuries (71.7% vs 51.6%, p = 0.035), liver injuries (52.2% vs 22.6%, p = 0.001), spleen injuries (52.5% vs 22.5%, p = 0.001) and heart injuries (26.1% vs 11.3%, p = 0.046) are statistically more frequent in jumpers. For falls <10 meters, cranial injuries are more frequent among fallers but tend to equalize with increasing height. Regarding the thoraco-abdominal region, lung, liver, spleen and heart injuries are more frequent among jumpers regardless of whether the fall height is <10 or ≥10 meters, with a tendency to increase as the fall height increases. Finally, for the appendicular region, fractures of the upper and lower limbs are more frequent in jumpers, regardless of fall height. Conclusions: The results confirm the presence of different pathological-forensic patterns in cases of suicides and accidental falls, consistent with the main findings reported in the literature. The analyzed data indicate that cranial injuries are more frequent among fallers, while injuries to the upper and lower limbs and the thoracic region are more frequent among jumpers. In falls from heights greater than ten meters, the results tend to overlap as the height increases, due to the increased force of the impact.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78899