INTRODUCTION: Neuroligin 2 (NL2) belongs to a family of proteins involved in membrane interaction mechanisms involved in synapse formation between neuronal cells. This protein is frequently associated with the alterations that characterize autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. In this study, we investigated the role that neuroligin 2 in particular has in modulating the excitation-inhibition balance at the cellular level and at the neuronal circuit level, both from a functional point of view but also from that of brain architecture development. RESULTS: It has been known since 2004 that the NLs isoform 2 plays a role in the formation and regulation of GABAergic synapses; more recently (2013), through in vitro experiments on mouse cortical neurons, NL2 has been found to have another key function: to regulate the expression of KCC2 (Cl-/K+ cotransporter) and the functional switch of GABA (from excitatory to inhibitory) during neuronal development. The function of NL2 does not end during neuronal development; in fact, NL2 is also indispensable in mature neurons: at the level of inhibitory synapses, it acts directly in maintaining inhibitory function and regulating the equilibrium potential of GABA; at the level of excitatory synapses, on the other hand, it acts indirectly (through KCC2) in regulating glutamatergic transmission and dendritic spines. In vivo experiments (2015) also investigated the crucial role of NL2 in maintaining E/I balance in the mPFC of adult mice: mutant models with NL2 silencing revealed its impact on synaptic density and transmission, behavior, and stimulation of neural activity by salient experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Given the role of NL2 as a regulator of the electrophysiologic balance between excitation and inhibition and its involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders, NL2 may represent a key to understanding alteration processes and a target in the design of possible treatment.
INTRODUZIONE: La neuroligina 2 (NL2) appartiene ad una famiglia di proteine coinvolte nei meccanismi di interazione tra le membrane che partecipano alla formazione della sinapsi tra cellule neuronali. Questa proteina e’ frequentemente associata alle alterazioni che caratterizzano i disturbi dello spettro autistico e di disabilita’ intellettiva. In questo studio si e’ investigato il ruolo che la neuroligina 2 in particolare ha nella modulazione del bilanciamento eccitazione-inibizione a livello cellulare e a livello del circuito neuronale, sia da punto di vista funzionale ma anche da quello dello sviluppo dell’architettura cerebrale. RISULTATI: E’ noto dal 2004 che l’isoforma 2 delle NLs svolge un ruolo nella formazione e regolazione delle sinapsi GABAergiche; più recentemente (2013), attraverso esperimenti in vitro su neuroni corticali di topo, è stato scoperto che NL2 ha un’altra funzione fondamentale: regolare l’espressione di KCC2 (cotrasportatore Cl-/K+) e il passaggio funzionale del GABA (da eccitatorio a inibitorio) durante lo sviluppo neuronale. La funzione di NL2 non si esaurisce durante lo sviluppo neuronale, NL2 è infatti indispensabile anche nei neuroni maturi: a livello di sinapsi inibitorie agisce direttamente nel mantenimento della funzione inibitoria e nella regolazione del potenziale di equilibrio del GABA, a livello di sinapsi eccitatorie, invece, agisce indirettamente (attraverso KCC2) nella regolazione della trasmissione glutammatergica e delle spine dendritiche. Esperimenti in vivo (2015) hanno inoltre indagato il ruolo cruciale di NL2 nel mantenimento dell’equilibrio E/I nella mPFC di topi adulti: modelli mutanti con silenziamento di NL2 hanno rivelato il suo impatto sulla densità e trasmissione sinaptica, sul comportamento, e sulla stimolazione dell’attività neurale da parte di esperienze salienti. CONCLUSIONI: Visto il ruolo di NL2 come regolatore dell’equilibrio elettrofisiologico tra eccitazione e inibizione ed il suo coinvolgimento in disturbi neuropsichiatrici come schizofrenia, e disturbi dello spettro autistico, NL2 puo’ rappresentare una chiave per comprendere i processi di alterazione e un bersaglio nel disegno di un possibile trattamento.
Studio del ruolo della Neuroligina-2 nella modulazione del rapporto tra eccitazione ed inibizione: dalla funzione sinaptica allo sviluppo del circuito neuronale
FOI, GIOVANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Neuroligin 2 (NL2) belongs to a family of proteins involved in membrane interaction mechanisms involved in synapse formation between neuronal cells. This protein is frequently associated with the alterations that characterize autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability. In this study, we investigated the role that neuroligin 2 in particular has in modulating the excitation-inhibition balance at the cellular level and at the neuronal circuit level, both from a functional point of view but also from that of brain architecture development. RESULTS: It has been known since 2004 that the NLs isoform 2 plays a role in the formation and regulation of GABAergic synapses; more recently (2013), through in vitro experiments on mouse cortical neurons, NL2 has been found to have another key function: to regulate the expression of KCC2 (Cl-/K+ cotransporter) and the functional switch of GABA (from excitatory to inhibitory) during neuronal development. The function of NL2 does not end during neuronal development; in fact, NL2 is also indispensable in mature neurons: at the level of inhibitory synapses, it acts directly in maintaining inhibitory function and regulating the equilibrium potential of GABA; at the level of excitatory synapses, on the other hand, it acts indirectly (through KCC2) in regulating glutamatergic transmission and dendritic spines. In vivo experiments (2015) also investigated the crucial role of NL2 in maintaining E/I balance in the mPFC of adult mice: mutant models with NL2 silencing revealed its impact on synaptic density and transmission, behavior, and stimulation of neural activity by salient experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Given the role of NL2 as a regulator of the electrophysiologic balance between excitation and inhibition and its involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders, NL2 may represent a key to understanding alteration processes and a target in the design of possible treatment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/79665