PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl substances, are classified as emerging pollutants and are characterized by a high degree of environmental persistence. This characteristic makes them difficult for microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria to biodegrade; as a result, PFAS can bioaccumulate in the tissues of organisms and be transferred through the food chain via biomagnification. In Veneto, PFAS contamination affects a wide area encompassing several municipalities in the provinces of Verona, Padua, and especially Vicenza. These substances are associated with an increased risk of oxidative stress, which involves the excessive production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by the body. This leads to the alteration and damage of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. To counteract the oxidative effects of these molecules, the body utilizes large enzymatic complexes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx, as well as non-enzymatic protein complexes, including metallothioneins. This study aims to better understand the role of metallothioneins in counteracting oxidative stress induced by environmental PFAS pollution by quantifying their gene expression in Squalius cephalus using q-RT-PCR. This freshwater teleost fish has a generalist niche and is found in most watercourses in the Veneto region as a native and ubiquitous species. It is notably resilient to both environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The study focuses on the kidney, one of the organs most affected by the bioaccumulation of PFAS and other pollutants in organisms. The results highlighted that MT-1 and MT-2 exhibit very similar gene expression patterns when compared across corresponding pollution sites. They are expressed even at minimal levels of environmental PFAS contamination, playing a significant role even at these low concentrations. From these results, it can be concluded that metallothioneins predominantly provide a qualitative response, based on the mere presence of PFAS, rather than a quantitative response linked to their concentration in the environmental matrix.
I PFAS, o sostanze perfluoroalchiliche, sono classificati come sostanze inquinanti emergenti e sono caratterizzati da un elevato grado di persistenza nell’ambiente. Questa loro caratteristica li rende difficilmente biodegradabili da parte di microorganismi come funghi e batteri; pertanto, i PFAS possono bioaccumularsi nei tessuti degli organismi ed essere trasferiti lungo la catena trofica per biomagnificazione. In Veneto la contaminazione da PFAS interessa un’ampia area comprendente diversi comuni del veronese, del padovano e soprattutto del vicentino. A queste sostanze si attribuisce un incremento del rischio di stress ossidativo, ovvero una produzione eccessiva di ROS da parte dell’organismo: questo comporta l’alterazione e il danneggiamento di biomolecole come lipidi, proteine e DNA. Per contrastare l’effetto ossidante di queste molecole l’organismo dispone di grandi complessi enzimatici, come SOD, CAT e GPx, e di complessi proteici non enzimatici, tra cui le metallotioneine. In questo studio si vuole comprendere al meglio il ruolo delle MT contro lo stress ossidativo indotto dall’inquinamento ambientale da PFAS, quantificandone l’espressione genica in Squalius cephalus mediante q-RT-PCR. Questo teleosteo d’acqua dolce ha una nicchia generalista ed è presente nella maggior parte dei corsi d’acqua della regione Veneto, in quanto specie autoctona e ubiquitaria: è caratterizzato infatti da una notevole resistenza sia a stress ambientali che antropici. Lo studio si concentra sul rene, uno degli organi maggiormente interessati dal bioaccumulo di PFAS e altri inquinanti negli organismi. I risultati hanno messo in evidenza come MT-1 ed MT-2 abbiano un andamento di espressione genica molto simile tra di loro se confrontate tra i corrispettivi siti di inquinamento. Esse risultano espresse anche a livelli minimi di inquinamento ambientale da PFAS, con un ruolo rilevante già a tali concentrazioni. Da questi risultati si può concludere affermando che le metallotioneine attuino una risposta prevalentemente qualitativa, basata sulla sola presenza degli PFAS, piuttosto che una risposta quantitativa basata sulla loro concentrazione nella matrice ambientale.
Studio dell’espressione genica delle metallotioneine come difesa antiossidante secondaria in Squalius cephalus, esposto a diverse concentrazioni ambientali di PFAS.
BAÙ, SIMONE
2023/2024
Abstract
PFAS, or perfluoroalkyl substances, are classified as emerging pollutants and are characterized by a high degree of environmental persistence. This characteristic makes them difficult for microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria to biodegrade; as a result, PFAS can bioaccumulate in the tissues of organisms and be transferred through the food chain via biomagnification. In Veneto, PFAS contamination affects a wide area encompassing several municipalities in the provinces of Verona, Padua, and especially Vicenza. These substances are associated with an increased risk of oxidative stress, which involves the excessive production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) by the body. This leads to the alteration and damage of biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. To counteract the oxidative effects of these molecules, the body utilizes large enzymatic complexes such as SOD, CAT, and GPx, as well as non-enzymatic protein complexes, including metallothioneins. This study aims to better understand the role of metallothioneins in counteracting oxidative stress induced by environmental PFAS pollution by quantifying their gene expression in Squalius cephalus using q-RT-PCR. This freshwater teleost fish has a generalist niche and is found in most watercourses in the Veneto region as a native and ubiquitous species. It is notably resilient to both environmental and anthropogenic stressors. The study focuses on the kidney, one of the organs most affected by the bioaccumulation of PFAS and other pollutants in organisms. The results highlighted that MT-1 and MT-2 exhibit very similar gene expression patterns when compared across corresponding pollution sites. They are expressed even at minimal levels of environmental PFAS contamination, playing a significant role even at these low concentrations. From these results, it can be concluded that metallothioneins predominantly provide a qualitative response, based on the mere presence of PFAS, rather than a quantitative response linked to their concentration in the environmental matrix.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/79701