The growing interest in sustainable materials has spurred the development of alternatives to conventional synthetic insulators. Tannins, complex polyphenolic compounds extracted in water from various plant sources (leaves, bark, roots), are known for traditional applications such as leather tanning, wood adhesives, and animal feed. However, in a bioeconomy context, tannins are emerging for the production of rigid polymeric foams, known as 'tannin foam', obtained through cross-linking reactions with various chemical agents. These foams represent a potential sustainable alternative to traditional petrochemical insulators, such as polyurethane (PUR), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS), although their mechanical properties require further improvements. This work aims to optimize the properties of tannin foams through the use of chestnut tannin (Castanea sativa Mill.), abundant in Italian forests, and quebracho tannin (Schinopsis lorentzii Engl.), combined in various percentages. The foams were produced by mechanical foaming, and wood fibers were added to four of the eight formulations to enhance mechanical and structural properties. A distinctive element of the formulations was the use of glyoxal as an innovative cross-linking agent. The produced foams were subjected to a wide range of characterization tests to assess their potential as insulating materials. The foams were analyzed for their chemical composition (with 13C-NMR measurements), their morphology (with microscopic measurements), as well as their mechanical, thermal, and fire resistance properties, and leaching resistance. The results highlight several positive aspects, particularly, the foams demonstrated good performance in terms of thermal conductivity, suggesting effective insulating ability. Additionally, the fire resistance tests confirmed their fire-retardant properties, while the leaching tests confirmed the predominantly insoluble nature of the tannic polymer. However, one area for improvement is the high density of the foams, which negatively impacts competitiveness compared to traditional foams.
L'interesse crescente verso materiali sostenibili ha incentivato lo sviluppo di alternative agli isolanti sintetici convenzionali. I tannini, composti da polifenoli complessi estratti in acqua da varie fonti vegetali (foglie, corteccia, durame), sono noti per applicazioni tradizionali come la concia delle pelli, gli adesivi per legno e l'alimentazione animale. Tuttavia, in un contesto di bioeconomia, i tannini stanno emergendo per la produzione di schiume polimeriche rigide, note come 'tannin foam', ottenute attraverso reazioni di reticolazione con diversi agenti chimici. Queste schiume rappresentano una potenziale alternativa sostenibile agli isolanti petrolchimici tradizionali, come poliuretano (PUR), polistirene espanso (EPS) e polistirene estruso (XPS), sebbene le loro proprietà meccaniche richiedano ulteriori miglioramenti. Il presente lavoro si propone di ottimizzare le proprietà delle schiume di tannino attraverso l’impiego di tannino di Castagno (Castanea sativa Mill.), abbondante nei boschi italiani, e tannino di quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii Engl.), combinati in diverse percentuali. Le schiume sono state prodotte mediante schiumatura meccanica, e in quattro delle otto formulazioni sono state aggiunte fibre di legno per migliorare le proprietà meccaniche e strutturali. Un elemento distintivo delle formulazioni è stato l’uso del gliossale come reticolante innovativo. Le schiume prodotte sono state sottoposte a un'ampia gamma di test di caratterizzazione per valutare il loro potenziale come materiali isolanti. Le schiume sono state analizzate per la loro composizione chimica (con misure 13C-NMR), per la loro morfologia (con misure al microscopio) nonché per le loro proprietà di resistenza meccanica, termica e di resistenza al fuoco ed al lisciviaggio. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano diversi aspetti positivi ed in particolare, le schiume hanno dimostrato bassi valori di conducibilità termica, suggerendo un'efficace capacità di isolamento. Inoltre, i test di resistenza al fuoco hanno confermato le loro proprietà ignifughe, mentre quelli di lisciviazione hanno confermato la natura insolubile del polimero tannico. Tuttavia, un aspetto migliorabile è l'elevata densità delle schiume, che influisce negativamente sulla competitività rispetto alle schiume tradizionali.
Sintesi e caratterizzazione di schiume di tannino di castagno per l'isolamento termico degli edifici
DE NATO, MICHELE
2023/2024
Abstract
The growing interest in sustainable materials has spurred the development of alternatives to conventional synthetic insulators. Tannins, complex polyphenolic compounds extracted in water from various plant sources (leaves, bark, roots), are known for traditional applications such as leather tanning, wood adhesives, and animal feed. However, in a bioeconomy context, tannins are emerging for the production of rigid polymeric foams, known as 'tannin foam', obtained through cross-linking reactions with various chemical agents. These foams represent a potential sustainable alternative to traditional petrochemical insulators, such as polyurethane (PUR), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS), although their mechanical properties require further improvements. This work aims to optimize the properties of tannin foams through the use of chestnut tannin (Castanea sativa Mill.), abundant in Italian forests, and quebracho tannin (Schinopsis lorentzii Engl.), combined in various percentages. The foams were produced by mechanical foaming, and wood fibers were added to four of the eight formulations to enhance mechanical and structural properties. A distinctive element of the formulations was the use of glyoxal as an innovative cross-linking agent. The produced foams were subjected to a wide range of characterization tests to assess their potential as insulating materials. The foams were analyzed for their chemical composition (with 13C-NMR measurements), their morphology (with microscopic measurements), as well as their mechanical, thermal, and fire resistance properties, and leaching resistance. The results highlight several positive aspects, particularly, the foams demonstrated good performance in terms of thermal conductivity, suggesting effective insulating ability. Additionally, the fire resistance tests confirmed their fire-retardant properties, while the leaching tests confirmed the predominantly insoluble nature of the tannic polymer. However, one area for improvement is the high density of the foams, which negatively impacts competitiveness compared to traditional foams.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80368