Background Infertility is a global public health issue, with the male factor contributing to up to 50% of cases. Azoospermia is diagnosed in 15% of males evaluated for infertility, with the most severe form being non-obstructive azoospermia, characterized by a defect in spermatogenesis leading to a significant reduction or absence of sperm production. Cytological analysis via fine-needle aspiration, TESA (Testicular Sperm Aspiration), is a minimally invasive procedure that can classify non-obstructive azoospermia into specific cytological patterns and support sperm recovery through testicular biopsy, TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction), for use in modern assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Aim of the Study The primary aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TESA as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosing non-obstructive azoospermia and characterizing cytological patterns associated with spermatogenic process impairment. The secondary aim of this study was to compare the results of TESA and TESE, analyzing the levels of concordance and discordance between the two techniques, as well as assessing the respective advantages and disadvantages of each procedure. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Complex Operative Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine at the University Hospital of Padua, involving 133 male patients from infertile couples. All patients underwent a comprehensive diagnostic workup to exclude the obstructive nature of azoospermia, which included analysis with TESA. Based on the identified germ cell lines, patients were classified into different cytological patterns. Additionally, 33 patients also underwent TESE in an attempt to recover testicular spermatozoa. For comparison between the two techniques, a 2x2 contingency table was constructed to evaluate concordance and discordance, as well as the sensitivity of the procedures. Results In relation to the germ cells identified through TESA, 83 patients presented a cytological profile of SCOS, 16 had severe hypospermatogenesis, 8 showed maturation arrest, 8 had moderate hypospermatogenesis, 12 exhibited mild hypospermatogenesis, 4 had a normal maturation line, and finally, 2 patients were identified as Punctio sicca. TESA detected the presence of mature cells in 40 patients (30%). In a subgroup of 33 patients, TESE was also performed, allowing for the recovery of mature spermatozoa in 12 patients, with a success rate of 36.4%. From the 2x2 contingency table, a Cohen’s kappa index of concordance of 0.52 was derived. The sensitivity in detecting spermatozoa was 77% for testicular biopsy and 58% for testicular fine needle aspiration. Discussion and Conclusions TESA is a safe and cost-effective procedure performed on an outpatient basis that allows precise study of the seminiferous epithelium and identification of germ cells, including spermatozoa. One of the most critical challenges in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia is the difficulty in identifying foci of spermatogenesis distant from the point of analysis. TESA has proven effective in detecting these foci of active germ cells, also optimizing the subsequent recovery of spermatozoa through TESE for cryopreservation and use in assisted reproductive techniques (ART).
Premesse L’infertilità è un problema globale di salute pubblica a cui il fattore maschile contribuisce fino al 50% dei casi. Nel 15% dei maschi valutati per infertilità viene riconosciuta l’azoospermia, la cui forma più severa è quella non ostruttiva caratterizzata da un difetto nella spermatogenesi con significativa riduzione o assenza di produzione di spermatozoi. L’analisi citologica per agoaspirazione, TESA (Testicular sperm aspiration), è una procedura minimamente invasiva in grado di inquadrare l’azoospermia non ostruttiva secondo specifici pattern citologici e di offrire supporto al recupero degli spermatozoi mediante biopsia testicolare, TESE (Testicular sperm extraction) per le moderne tecniche di procreazione medicalmente assistita (PMA). Scopo dello studio Il primo scopo che si è prefisso questo studio retrospettivo è stato valutare l’efficacia della TESA come tecnica minimamente invasiva per la diagnosi di azoospermia non ostruttiva e la caratterizzazione di quadri citologici correlati al danno nel processo spermatogenetico. Il secondo scopo che questo studio si è posto è stato il confronto dei risultati di TESA e TESE, analizzando i livelli di concordanza e discordanza tra le due tecniche, oltre a valutare i rispettivi vantaggi e svantaggi di ciascuna procedura. Materiali e Metodi È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo presso l'Unità Operativa Complessa di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione dell'Ospedale Universitario di Padova, che ha coinvolto 133 pazienti maschi provenienti da coppie infertili. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad un iter diagnostico completo per escludere la natura ostruttiva dell’azoospermia che ha compreso anche un’analisi con TESA. Secondo le linee germinali identificate, i pazienti sono stati classificati in diversi pattern citologici. Inoltre, 33 pazienti sono stati sottoposti anche a TESE, per tentare il recupero degli spermatozoi testicolari. Per il confronto tra le due tecniche, è stata costruita una tabella di contingenza 2x2 che ha permesso di valutare concordanza e discordanza e la sensibilità delle procedure. Risultati In relazione alle cellule germinali identificate alla TESA, 83 pazienti hanno presentato un quadro citologico di SCOS, 16 una ipospermatogenesi grave, 8 un blocco maturativo, 8 una ipospermatogenesi moderata, 12 una ipospermatogenesi lieve, 4 una normale linea maturativa ed infine 2 pazienti sono stati identificati come Punctio sicca. La TESA ha riscontrato la presenza di cellule mature in 40 pazienti (30%). In una sottopopolazione di 33 pazienti è stata eseguita anche la TESE, che ha permesso il recupero di spermatozoi maturi in 12 pazienti con un tasso di successo del 36.4%. Dalla tabella di contingenza 2x2 si è ricavato un indice di concordanza κ di Cohen pari a 0.52. La sensibilità nel riscontrare gli spermatozoi è risultata pari a 77% per la biopsia testicolare e 58% per l’agoaspirato testicolare. Discussione e Conclusioni La TESA è una procedura sicura ed economica, eseguita in regime ambulatoriale che consente con precisione lo studio dell’epitelio seminifero e il riconoscimento delle cellule germinali, compresi gli spermatozoi. Uno degli aspetti più critici dei pazienti affetti da azoospermia non ostruttiva risiede nella difficoltà di individuare foci di spermatogenesi lontani dal punto di analisi. La TESA si è dimostrata efficace nel riconoscere questi focolai di cellule germinali attive, ottimizzando anche il successivo recupero di spermatozoi mediante TESE da criopreservare per PMA.
Analisi citologica testicolare per agoaspirazione nella valutazione dell'azoospermia non ostruttiva
FABRIS, FRANCESCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background Infertility is a global public health issue, with the male factor contributing to up to 50% of cases. Azoospermia is diagnosed in 15% of males evaluated for infertility, with the most severe form being non-obstructive azoospermia, characterized by a defect in spermatogenesis leading to a significant reduction or absence of sperm production. Cytological analysis via fine-needle aspiration, TESA (Testicular Sperm Aspiration), is a minimally invasive procedure that can classify non-obstructive azoospermia into specific cytological patterns and support sperm recovery through testicular biopsy, TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction), for use in modern assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Aim of the Study The primary aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TESA as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosing non-obstructive azoospermia and characterizing cytological patterns associated with spermatogenic process impairment. The secondary aim of this study was to compare the results of TESA and TESE, analyzing the levels of concordance and discordance between the two techniques, as well as assessing the respective advantages and disadvantages of each procedure. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Complex Operative Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine at the University Hospital of Padua, involving 133 male patients from infertile couples. All patients underwent a comprehensive diagnostic workup to exclude the obstructive nature of azoospermia, which included analysis with TESA. Based on the identified germ cell lines, patients were classified into different cytological patterns. Additionally, 33 patients also underwent TESE in an attempt to recover testicular spermatozoa. For comparison between the two techniques, a 2x2 contingency table was constructed to evaluate concordance and discordance, as well as the sensitivity of the procedures. Results In relation to the germ cells identified through TESA, 83 patients presented a cytological profile of SCOS, 16 had severe hypospermatogenesis, 8 showed maturation arrest, 8 had moderate hypospermatogenesis, 12 exhibited mild hypospermatogenesis, 4 had a normal maturation line, and finally, 2 patients were identified as Punctio sicca. TESA detected the presence of mature cells in 40 patients (30%). In a subgroup of 33 patients, TESE was also performed, allowing for the recovery of mature spermatozoa in 12 patients, with a success rate of 36.4%. From the 2x2 contingency table, a Cohen’s kappa index of concordance of 0.52 was derived. The sensitivity in detecting spermatozoa was 77% for testicular biopsy and 58% for testicular fine needle aspiration. Discussion and Conclusions TESA is a safe and cost-effective procedure performed on an outpatient basis that allows precise study of the seminiferous epithelium and identification of germ cells, including spermatozoa. One of the most critical challenges in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia is the difficulty in identifying foci of spermatogenesis distant from the point of analysis. TESA has proven effective in detecting these foci of active germ cells, also optimizing the subsequent recovery of spermatozoa through TESE for cryopreservation and use in assisted reproductive techniques (ART).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80410