Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive loss of myelin, which, by surrounding axons, ensures the correct neurotransmission of the neurochemical signal. The innate immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, and recent studies suggest that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), responsible of the recognition of microbial and host molecular patterns as well as of immune cells activation, plays a role in the neuronal damage. MS affects both the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), causing constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia or dysbiosis in MS patients. The ENS autonomously regulates the digestive processes and intestinal homeostasis through a dense network of neuronal and glial cells that innervate the whole GI tract wall, regulating key digestive functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this research project, genetically engineered TLR4-deficient mice and wild-type control mice were treated with the neurotoxin cuprizone to induce central demyelination and reproduce the acute symptoms of MS in the mouse model. Young mice control and deficient for TLR4 were exposed to a diet supplemented with cuprizone for 4 weeks to study the impact of the demyelinating process in the early developmental stages of enteric and central neuronal circuits. Through in vivo and ex vivo analysis, the motility of the entire GI tract and the neuromuscular response of the small intestine were evaluated to reveal the presence of alterations in GI transit time and in key neurotransmission pathways. In addition, the morphology of the ENS was studied by immunohistochemical analysis coupled with confocal microscopy to highlight the damage caused by cuprizone to the myenteric neuroglial network. The results of this study aim to highlight the role of TLR4-mediated signaling in the intestinal dysfunction that characterizes MS, and to demonstrate its utility as a potential therapeutic target to improve the treatment of this disease that affects an increasing number of patients worldwide.
La sclerosi multipla (SM) è una malattia neurodegenerativa a carattere autoimmune, che causa una perdita progressiva della mielina la quale, avvolgendo gli assoni, assicura una neurotrasmissione corretta del segnale neurochimico. Il sistema immunitario innato è coinvolto nella patogenesi di questa malattia, e studi recenti suggeriscono che il recettore Toll-like 4 (TLR4), responsabile del riconoscimento di pattern molecolari sia microbici che dell’ospite nonché dell’attivazione delle cellule immunitarie, sia coinvolto nel danno neuronale. La SM sembra colpire non solo il sistema nervoso centrale (SNC), ma anche il sistema nervoso enterico (SNE), causando costipazione, diarrea, disfagia o disbiosi nei pazienti affetti da SM. Il SNE regola in modo autonomo i processi digestivi e l’omeostasi intestinale attraverso una fitta rete neuronale e gliale che innerva la parete dell’intero tratto gastrointestinale, regolando le principali funzioni digestive sia in condizioni fisiologiche che patologiche. In questo progetto di ricerca, topi geneticamente modificati deficienti per il TLR4 e topi controllo wild-type sono stati trattati con la neurotossina cuprizone, per indurre demielinizzazione e riprodurre nel modello murino i sintomi acuti della SM. In particolare, topi giovani controllo e deficienti per il TLR4 sono stati esposti ad una dieta addizionata di cuprizone per 4 settimane al fine di studiare l’impatto del processo demielinizzante nelle prime fasi di sviluppo dei circuiti neuronali enterici e centrali. Attraverso analisi in vivo ed ex vivo è stata valutata, rispettivamente, la motilità GI e la risposta neuromuscolare del piccolo intestino, per rivelare la presenza di alterazioni nel tempo di transito GI e nelle principali neurotrasmissioni enteriche. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi immunoistochimica accoppiata a microscopia confocale, è stata studiata la morfologia del SNE per evidenziare possibili danni causati dalla neurotossina alla rete neurogliale mienterica. I risultati di questo studio mirano quindi a evidenziare il ruolo del segnale mediato dal TLR4 nelle disfunzioni intestinali che caratterizzano la SM, al fine di rivelare la sua utilità come possibile bersaglio terapeutico per migliorare il trattamento di questa patologia che colpisce un numero sempre maggiore di pazienti in tutto il mondo.
Influenza dell'immunità innata sull'integrità del sistema nervoso enterico in un modello murino di demielinizzazione
MICHELINI, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive loss of myelin, which, by surrounding axons, ensures the correct neurotransmission of the neurochemical signal. The innate immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, and recent studies suggest that the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), responsible of the recognition of microbial and host molecular patterns as well as of immune cells activation, plays a role in the neuronal damage. MS affects both the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS), causing constipation, diarrhea, dysphagia or dysbiosis in MS patients. The ENS autonomously regulates the digestive processes and intestinal homeostasis through a dense network of neuronal and glial cells that innervate the whole GI tract wall, regulating key digestive functions under both physiological and pathological conditions. In this research project, genetically engineered TLR4-deficient mice and wild-type control mice were treated with the neurotoxin cuprizone to induce central demyelination and reproduce the acute symptoms of MS in the mouse model. Young mice control and deficient for TLR4 were exposed to a diet supplemented with cuprizone for 4 weeks to study the impact of the demyelinating process in the early developmental stages of enteric and central neuronal circuits. Through in vivo and ex vivo analysis, the motility of the entire GI tract and the neuromuscular response of the small intestine were evaluated to reveal the presence of alterations in GI transit time and in key neurotransmission pathways. In addition, the morphology of the ENS was studied by immunohistochemical analysis coupled with confocal microscopy to highlight the damage caused by cuprizone to the myenteric neuroglial network. The results of this study aim to highlight the role of TLR4-mediated signaling in the intestinal dysfunction that characterizes MS, and to demonstrate its utility as a potential therapeutic target to improve the treatment of this disease that affects an increasing number of patients worldwide.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80599