Background: Cancer diseases represent a major public health problem in industrialised countries, with high incidence and mortality rates. In Italy, an estimated 390,700 new cancer cases will be diagnosed in 2022, up from 376,600 in 2020. The presence of an oncological pathology, particularly in the terminal phase, has an extremely relevant impact on the patient, affecting his or her quality of life due to debilitating symptoms involving physical, psychological and spiritual aspects. The implementation of nursing interventions that go beyond the management of physical symptoms, also considering emotional, psychological, spiritual and social dimensions, is crucial to improve the overall well-being of palliative patients. In this context, the nurse plays a central role, often being the professional closest to the patient and family, capable of rapidly identifying emerging needs and providing personalised support to facilitate integrated care management. The aim of this literature review is to collect and summarise the evidence reported in the literature in favour of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological nursing interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of cancer patients in the palliative setting. Materials and methods: The literature search of articles for the drafting of the review was performed by consulting the international Pubmed database using a special search string to find publications reporting efficacy data, assessed using special scales, of non-pharmacological interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of the cancer patient in the palliative setting (non-paediatric, non-haematological). From the 1164 publications found in the literature search, 9 reported data from clinical studies relevant to the question. Results: The literature review identified 9 publications that reported data from 6 randomised clinical trials and 3 single-arm interventional prospective studies. The interventions reported in the literature were heterogeneous: 2 articles reported the impact of interventions based on rehabilitative exercises (with significant improvements in the level of quality of life), 2 reported the effectiveness of non- conventional medicine interventions such as acupuncture, reflexology and relaxation (1 of these reported a significant improvement in anxiety and depression levels and 1 in physical and mental components), 1 article reported on the effect of educational interventions on caregivers (with significant improvement in emotional function, decrease in symptoms such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting and reduction in anxiety levels) and 4 publications reported on psychological support interventions (3 of these reported significant improvements in quality of life). Conclusions: The literature review shows that different intervention modalities can positively impact quality of life in the cancer patient, both in relation to physical and psychological and spiritual symptoms. Among the interventions, those of physical rehabilitation and psychological support appear to be among the most studied, while more studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of interventions concerning caregivers. In this context, the nurse plays a fundamental role in the early identification and assessment of the problems of the terminally ill patient in order to provide personalised and integrated interventions.
Background: Le patologie oncologiche rappresentano un importante problema per la salute pubblica nei paesi industrializzati, con alti tassi di incidenza e mortalità. In Italia, si stima che nel 2022 siano stati diagnosticati circa 390.700 nuovi casi di tumore, in aumento rispetto ai 376.600 del 2020. La presenza di una patologia oncologica, in particolare nella fase terminale, ha un impatto estremamente rilevante sul paziente, influenzandone la qualità di vita a causa di sintomi debilitanti che coinvolgono aspetti fisici, psicologici e spirituali. L’implementazione di interventi assistenziali che vadano oltre la gestione dei sintomi fisici, considerando anche le dimensioni emotive, psicologiche, spirituali e sociali, risulta cruciale per migliorare il benessere complessivo dei pazienti in fase palliativa. In questo contesto, l'infermiere svolge un ruolo centrale, essendo spesso il professionista più vicino al paziente e alla famiglia, capace di identificare rapidamente i bisogni emergenti e di fornire un supporto personalizzato che faciliti una gestione integrata della cura. L’obiettivo di questa revisione bibliografica è raccogliere e sintetizzare le evidenze riportate in letteratura a favore dell’efficacia di interventi infermieristici non farmacologici volti al miglioramento della qualità di vita dei pazienti oncologici nel setting palliativo. Materiali e metodi: La ricerca bibliografica degli articoli per la stesura della revisione è stata eseguita consultando il database internazionale Pubmed utilizzando un’apposita stringa di ricerca per reperire pubblicazioni che riportassero dati di efficacia, valutati utilizzando apposite scale, di interventi non farmacologici volti al miglioramento della qualità della vita del paziente oncologico nel setting palliativo (non pediatrico, non oncoematologico). Dalle 1164 pubblicazioni reperite dalla ricerca bibliografica, 9 riportavano dati di studi clinici pertinenti al quesito. Risultati: Dalla revisione di letteratura sono state individuate 9 pubblicazioni che hanno riportato i dati di 6 studi clinici randomizzati e 3 studi prospettici interventistici monobraccio. Gli interventi riportati in letteratura sono risultati eterogenei tra loro: 2 articoli riportavano l’impatto di interventi basati su esercizi riabilitativi (con miglioramenti significativi nella livello della qualità della vita), 2 riportavano l’efficacia di interventi di medicina non convenzionale quali agopuntura, riflessologia e rilassamento (1 di questi riportava un miglioramento significativo nei livelli di ansia e depressione e 1 nelle componenti fisiche e mentali), 1 articolo riportava l’effetto di interventi educativi sui caregivers (con miglioramento significativo della funzione emotiva, diminuzione di sintomi come affaticamento, nausea e vomito e riduzione dei livelli di ansia) e 4 pubblicazioni riportavano interventi di supporto psicologico (3 di questi riportavano miglioramenti significativi sulla qualità di vita). Conclusioni: Dalla revisione di letteratura si evidenzia come diverse modalità di intervento possano impattare positivamente sulla qualità di vita nel paziente oncologico, sia in relazione ai sintomi fisici sia a quelli psicologici e spirituali. Tra gli interventi, quelli di riabilitazione fisica e di supporto psicologico risultano essere tra i più studiati, mentre maggiori studi sono necessari per stabilire l’efficacia di interventi riguardanti i caregivers. In tale contesto, l’infermiere svolge un ruolo fondamentale nell'individuazione e valutazione tempestiva delle problematiche del paziente in fase terminale per poter fornire interventi personalizzati ed integrati.
Interventi non farmacologici volti al miglioramento della qualità della vita di pazienti oncologici nel setting palliativo: una revisione della letteratura
NICOLETTI, VALENTINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Cancer diseases represent a major public health problem in industrialised countries, with high incidence and mortality rates. In Italy, an estimated 390,700 new cancer cases will be diagnosed in 2022, up from 376,600 in 2020. The presence of an oncological pathology, particularly in the terminal phase, has an extremely relevant impact on the patient, affecting his or her quality of life due to debilitating symptoms involving physical, psychological and spiritual aspects. The implementation of nursing interventions that go beyond the management of physical symptoms, also considering emotional, psychological, spiritual and social dimensions, is crucial to improve the overall well-being of palliative patients. In this context, the nurse plays a central role, often being the professional closest to the patient and family, capable of rapidly identifying emerging needs and providing personalised support to facilitate integrated care management. The aim of this literature review is to collect and summarise the evidence reported in the literature in favour of the effectiveness of non-pharmacological nursing interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of cancer patients in the palliative setting. Materials and methods: The literature search of articles for the drafting of the review was performed by consulting the international Pubmed database using a special search string to find publications reporting efficacy data, assessed using special scales, of non-pharmacological interventions aimed at improving the quality of life of the cancer patient in the palliative setting (non-paediatric, non-haematological). From the 1164 publications found in the literature search, 9 reported data from clinical studies relevant to the question. Results: The literature review identified 9 publications that reported data from 6 randomised clinical trials and 3 single-arm interventional prospective studies. The interventions reported in the literature were heterogeneous: 2 articles reported the impact of interventions based on rehabilitative exercises (with significant improvements in the level of quality of life), 2 reported the effectiveness of non- conventional medicine interventions such as acupuncture, reflexology and relaxation (1 of these reported a significant improvement in anxiety and depression levels and 1 in physical and mental components), 1 article reported on the effect of educational interventions on caregivers (with significant improvement in emotional function, decrease in symptoms such as fatigue, nausea and vomiting and reduction in anxiety levels) and 4 publications reported on psychological support interventions (3 of these reported significant improvements in quality of life). Conclusions: The literature review shows that different intervention modalities can positively impact quality of life in the cancer patient, both in relation to physical and psychological and spiritual symptoms. Among the interventions, those of physical rehabilitation and psychological support appear to be among the most studied, while more studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of interventions concerning caregivers. In this context, the nurse plays a fundamental role in the early identification and assessment of the problems of the terminally ill patient in order to provide personalised and integrated interventions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80769