Background: Violence is an increasingly widespread phenomenon with significant physical, psychological, and social consequences that place a heavy burden on the healthcare system. In this complex context, emergency nurses play a crucial role: not only are they responsible for providing holistic care to ensure the survival of the patient, but they must also safeguard the integrity of the crime scene and forensic evidence throughout the care pathway to avoid compromising future investigations by the competent authorities. However, considering the lack of training of nurses in the forensic field, the implementation of timely, competent and synergetic intervention with law enforcement is a complex challenge. Aim: This literature review aims to identify the best technical, operational and relational strategies, as well as non-technical skills (NTS), that both territorial and intra-hospital emergency nurses should adopt to ensure high quality care for victims of crime events and to preserve the integrity of the crime scene, thus avoiding hindering the effectiveness of investigations. Materials and methods: s: The articles analyzed in this review were identified through a literature search conducted on the international databases PubMed and Cinahl between April 2024 and August 2024, using search strings that combined the keywords listed below, with a time restriction of the last 20 years. In accordance with the PRISMA protocol, 568 initial articles were screened and 18 studies ultimately selected as relevant to the research question. Results: The evidence gathered highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary and knowledgeable approach troughout the care process; in pre-hospital settings, scene safety is the key element to ensure a successful intervention: while rapidly assessing the patient's condition using the familiar (c)ABCDE method, to which its forensic version is associated, emergency nurses must also adhere to protocols to prevent contamination of the crime scene and compromise of forensic evidence. Instead, in intra-hospital settings, the emergency room nurse, in addition to providing care congruent with the patient's needs and treating the acute condition clinically, documents any injuries or signs of violence and participates in the collection and preservation of evidence, thus becoming part of the chain of custody. Furthermore, integrating technical skills with non-technical skills (NTS) is shown to positively influence both patient care and the success of investigations. Conclusions: Emergency nurses operate at the intersection of healthcare and the justice system, where the combination and mastery of both technical and relational skills are crucial to enhancing care in cases involving crime and violence while ensuring the success of investigations. Therefore, it is crucial to invest in these areas and to develop protocols and/or guidelines, as well as to implement basic university training to ensure the proper implementation of all the complex operations that these situations require. Key words: "Emergency Nursing", “Emergency nurse” “Emergency Medical Services", “Emergency treatment”, “Emergency care”, “Nurse’s Role”, "Forensic Nursing", "Crime”, “Crime Victims”, “Crime scene”, “Forensic evidence collection”, “Non-technical skills”
Sfondo: la violenza è un fenomeno in largo aumento responsabile di un’ampia gamma di implicazioni fisiche, psicologiche e sociali che impattano sul Sistema Sanitario. In questo complesso scenario, l'infermiere d’emergenza riveste un ruolo chiave: non solo deve fornire un’assistenza olistica che assicuri la sopravvivenza della persona, ma deve anche garantire l’integrità della scena del crimine e delle prove forensi durante tutto il percorso di cura, in modo da non compromettere le successive indagini delle autorità competenti. Tuttavia, se si considera la scarsa formazione degli infermieri relativamente all'ambito forense, la messa in atto di un intervento tempestivo, competente e sinergico a quello delle Forze dell'Ordine è una sfida complessa. Obiettivo: la presente revisione di letteratura si propone di identificare le migliori strategie tecnico-operative e relazionali, nonché le non-technical skills (NTS), che gli infermieri d’emergenza territoriale e intraospedaliera devono adottare al fine di garantire un'assistenza di alta qualità alle vittime di eventi criminosi e di preservare l’integrità della scena del crimine, evitando così di ostacolare l'efficacia delle indagini. Materiali e metodi: gli articoli individuati per redigere il presente elaborato derivano da una ricerca bibliografica condotta sulle banche dati internazionali PubMed e Cinahl tra aprile 2024 e agosto 2024, utilizzando stringhe di ricerca che combinano le parole chiave di seguito riportate e applicando una limitazione di tempo relativa agli ultimi 20 anni. Il processo di selezione, conforme al protocollo PRISMA, ha filtrato 568 articoli iniziali individuando 18 studi che rispondevano al quesito di ricerca. Risultati: le evidenze raccolte sottolineano l’importanza di un approccio multidisciplinare e consapevole in ogni fase del percorso d’assistenza; in ambito pre-ospedaliero, la sicurezza della scena è l’elemento chiave per garantire un intervento di successo: l'infermiere contemporaneamente alla rapida valutazione delle condizioni cliniche del paziente attraverso il noto metodo (c)ABCDE, cui viene associata la sua versione forense, deve applicare standard di comportamento che permettano di evitare la contaminazione della scena e la compromissione delle prove. Invece, in ambito intra-ospedaliero, l’infermiere di Pronto Soccorso, oltre a fornire un’assistenza congrua ai bisogni del paziente e trattare clinicamente la condizione acuta, documenta ogni lesione o segno di violenza e partecipa alla raccolta e conservazione delle prove, divenendo così parte della catena di custodia. Infine, emerge la necessità di integrare alle competenze tecniche le non-technical skills (NTS), in quanto è dimostrata la loro influenza positiva sia sull'assistenza fornita al paziente sia sulla riuscita delle indagini. Conclusioni: gli infermieri d’emergenza sono al centro di una complessa interazione tra Sanità e Sistema Giudiziario, dove la combinazione e la padronanza di competenze tecnico-operativo e relazionali risultano necessarie per migliorare gli interventi sanitari in contesti di crimine e violenza e contemporaneamente garantire il successo delle indagini. Pertanto, risulta fondamentale investire in queste aree e sviluppare protocolli e/o linee guida, nonché implementare la formazione universitaria di base così da assicurare l’adeguata messa in atto di tutte le complesse operazioni che queste situazioni richiedono. Parole chiave: infermiere d’emergenza, Pronto Soccorso, trattamento d’emergenza, cura d’emergenza, ruolo infermieristico, infermiere forense, violenza, vittime di violenza, scena del crimine, raccolta di tracce forensi, Non-technical skills (NTS)
Strategie tecnico-operative e NTS per l'infermiere di emergenza-urgenza dalla scena del crimine al pronto soccorso: revisione di letteratura
PELLIZZARI, CAMILLA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Violence is an increasingly widespread phenomenon with significant physical, psychological, and social consequences that place a heavy burden on the healthcare system. In this complex context, emergency nurses play a crucial role: not only are they responsible for providing holistic care to ensure the survival of the patient, but they must also safeguard the integrity of the crime scene and forensic evidence throughout the care pathway to avoid compromising future investigations by the competent authorities. However, considering the lack of training of nurses in the forensic field, the implementation of timely, competent and synergetic intervention with law enforcement is a complex challenge. Aim: This literature review aims to identify the best technical, operational and relational strategies, as well as non-technical skills (NTS), that both territorial and intra-hospital emergency nurses should adopt to ensure high quality care for victims of crime events and to preserve the integrity of the crime scene, thus avoiding hindering the effectiveness of investigations. Materials and methods: s: The articles analyzed in this review were identified through a literature search conducted on the international databases PubMed and Cinahl between April 2024 and August 2024, using search strings that combined the keywords listed below, with a time restriction of the last 20 years. In accordance with the PRISMA protocol, 568 initial articles were screened and 18 studies ultimately selected as relevant to the research question. Results: The evidence gathered highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary and knowledgeable approach troughout the care process; in pre-hospital settings, scene safety is the key element to ensure a successful intervention: while rapidly assessing the patient's condition using the familiar (c)ABCDE method, to which its forensic version is associated, emergency nurses must also adhere to protocols to prevent contamination of the crime scene and compromise of forensic evidence. Instead, in intra-hospital settings, the emergency room nurse, in addition to providing care congruent with the patient's needs and treating the acute condition clinically, documents any injuries or signs of violence and participates in the collection and preservation of evidence, thus becoming part of the chain of custody. Furthermore, integrating technical skills with non-technical skills (NTS) is shown to positively influence both patient care and the success of investigations. Conclusions: Emergency nurses operate at the intersection of healthcare and the justice system, where the combination and mastery of both technical and relational skills are crucial to enhancing care in cases involving crime and violence while ensuring the success of investigations. Therefore, it is crucial to invest in these areas and to develop protocols and/or guidelines, as well as to implement basic university training to ensure the proper implementation of all the complex operations that these situations require. Key words: "Emergency Nursing", “Emergency nurse” “Emergency Medical Services", “Emergency treatment”, “Emergency care”, “Nurse’s Role”, "Forensic Nursing", "Crime”, “Crime Victims”, “Crime scene”, “Forensic evidence collection”, “Non-technical skills”| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80825