Propolis is a resinous substance generally yellow-brown in colour, produced from plant material by bees of the Apis mellifera genus. Its composition is closely related to the resins used to produce it, but also to the harvesting period and the surrounding environment. It is generally composed of approximately: 50% vegetable resins, 30% waxes, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen and 5% other organic substances. Over 300 compounds have been identified in the resinous substance, among these there are: flavonoids, aromatic acids, terpenes, minerals, sugars, etc. Propolis has multiple beneficial properties for human health and for the treatment of some pathological states. The anti-inflammatory action of bee glue is widely documented in scientific literature; in fact, the substance is able to inhibit the secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as: IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. This result translates into a reduction in the thickness of the inflamed skin layer, as it decreases the entry of pro-inflammatory cells into the site itself. Propolis also decreases iNOS and NF-kB levels. The anti-inflammatory action of propolis is mainly due to flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives such as: genistein, quercetin, luteolin and caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE). Propolin G, isolated from Taiwanese green propolis, could have a potential anti-inflammatory effect, through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) causes non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), through reduction of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) and inhibition of the NF-kB factor. It is therefore clear that propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect on multiple fronts, inhibiting or modulating various biosynthetic pathways; in addition to the previous actions described, bee glue is able to inhibit the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increase the levels of succinate dehydrogenase by 18%. The antibacterial properties of propolis have been known since ancient times and are evident in various mechanisms of action, the main ones being: inhibition of cell division, damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, enzymatic inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis and RNA polymerase . several studies report that the antimicrobial activity of propolis is greater against Gram-positives than against Gram-negatives, the latter in fact requiring higher concentrations of resinous substance to be inhibited. Flavonoids and polyphenols such as quercetin, vestitol, neovestitol, medicarpine and pinobanksin have inhibitory and bactericidal effects against: Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In case of wounds or burns, propolis-based creams or its extracts play an important role in the healing and healing process of the lesion. Brazilian red propolis reduces matrix metalloproteinases-9, responsible for the degradation of the extracellular matrix and at the same time stimulates the production of collagen types I and III. Polish propolis influences the metabolism of fibronectin, reducing its availability, avoiding its accumulation at the site of the lesion and therefore the onset of hypertrophic tissues. Finally, caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin increase the availability of glycosaminoglycans, in particular: chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate and hyaluronic acid. By doing so, lipid peroxidation is reduced and fibroblast necrosis is prevented.
La propoli è una sostanza resinosa generalmente di colore giallo-marrone, prodotta a partire da materiale vegetale dalle api del genere Apis mellifera. La sua composizione è strettamente correlata alle resine utilizzate per produrla, ma anche al periodo di raccolta e all’ambiente circostante. Generalmente è composta da circa: 50% di resine vegetali, 30% di cere, 10% di oli essenziali, 5% di polline e 5% di altre sostanze organiche. Oltre 300 composti sono stati identificati nella sostanza resinosa, tra questi vi sono: flavonoidi, acidi aromatici, terpeni, minerali, zuccheri ecc. La propoli presenta molteplici proprietà benefiche per la salute umana e per il trattamento di alcuni stati patologici. L’azione antinfiammatoria della colla d’api è largamente documentata dalla letteratura scientifica; la sostanza infatti è in grado di inibire la secrezione di diverse citochine pro-infiammatorie come: IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6. Questo risultato si traduce in una riduzione dello spessore dello strato di cute infiammato, in quanto diminuisce l’ingresso di cellule pro-infiammatorie nel sito stesso. La propoli inoltre diminuisce i livelli di iNOS e di NF-kB. L’azione antinfiammatoria della propoli è dovuta principalmente ai flavonoidi e ai derivati dell’acido caffeico come: genisteina, quercetina, luteolina e acido caffeico feniletilestere (CAPE). La propolina G, isolata dalla propoli verde taiwanese, potrebbe avere un potenziale effetto antinfiammatorio, attraverso l’inibizione dell’inflammasoma NLRP3. L’acido caffeico feniletilestere (CAPE) provoca un'inibizione non selettiva della cicloossigenasi 1 (COX-1) e della cicloossigenasi 2 (COX-2), attraverso la riduzione della chinasi c-Jun-N-terminale (JNK1/2) e l’inibizione del fattore NF-kB. Si denota quindi, che la propoli svolge un effetto antinfiammatorio su molteplici fronti, andando ad inibire o modulare diverse vie biosintetiche; oltre alle precedenti azioni descritte, la colla d’api è in grado di inibire l’attività del lipopolisaccaride (LPS) ed incrementare i livelli della succinato deidrogeneasi del 18%. Le proprietà antibatteriche della propoli sono note fin dall’antichità e si evidenziano in diversi meccanismi d’azione, i principali sono: inibizione della divisione cellulare, danneggiamento della membrana citoplasmatica e della parete cellulare, inibizione enzimatica, inibizione della sintesi proteica e della RNA polimerasi. Diversi studi riportano che l’attività antimicrobica della propoli è maggiore nei confronti dei Gram- positivi rispetto ai Gram-negativi, quest’ultimi infatti necessitano di concentrazioni maggiori di sostanza resinosa per essere inibiti. I flavonoidi e polifenoli come quercetina, vestitolo, neovestitolo, medicarpina e pinobanksina, presentano effetti inibitori e battericidi nei confronti di: Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus resistente alla meticillina e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In caso di ferite o ustioni, creme a base di propoli o estratti di essa, svolgono un ruolo importante nel processo di guarigione e cicatrizzazione della lesione. La propoli rossa brasiliana riduce le metalloproteinasi di matrice-9, responsabili della degradazione della matrice extracellulare e al contempo stimola la produzione di collagene di tipo I e III. La propoli polacca influenza il metabolismo della fibronectina, riducendo la sua disponibilità, evitando il suo accumulo nel sito della lesione e quindi l’insorgenza di tessuti ipertrofici. Infine l’acido caffeico feniletilestere (CAPE) e la galangina, aumentano la disponibilità dei glicosaminoglicani, in particolare: condroitin solfato, dermatan solfato e acido ialuronico. Così facendo viene ridotta la perossidazione lipidica e si previene la necrosi dei fibroblasti.
LA PROPOLI: PROPRIETÀ ANTINFIAMMATORIE, ANTIBATTERICHE E CICATRIZZANTI SU CUTE E MUCOSE
FAUSTINI, ANDREA
2024/2025
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous substance generally yellow-brown in colour, produced from plant material by bees of the Apis mellifera genus. Its composition is closely related to the resins used to produce it, but also to the harvesting period and the surrounding environment. It is generally composed of approximately: 50% vegetable resins, 30% waxes, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen and 5% other organic substances. Over 300 compounds have been identified in the resinous substance, among these there are: flavonoids, aromatic acids, terpenes, minerals, sugars, etc. Propolis has multiple beneficial properties for human health and for the treatment of some pathological states. The anti-inflammatory action of bee glue is widely documented in scientific literature; in fact, the substance is able to inhibit the secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as: IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. This result translates into a reduction in the thickness of the inflamed skin layer, as it decreases the entry of pro-inflammatory cells into the site itself. Propolis also decreases iNOS and NF-kB levels. The anti-inflammatory action of propolis is mainly due to flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives such as: genistein, quercetin, luteolin and caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE). Propolin G, isolated from Taiwanese green propolis, could have a potential anti-inflammatory effect, through inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) causes non-selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), through reduction of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) and inhibition of the NF-kB factor. It is therefore clear that propolis has an anti-inflammatory effect on multiple fronts, inhibiting or modulating various biosynthetic pathways; in addition to the previous actions described, bee glue is able to inhibit the activity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increase the levels of succinate dehydrogenase by 18%. The antibacterial properties of propolis have been known since ancient times and are evident in various mechanisms of action, the main ones being: inhibition of cell division, damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall, enzymatic inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis and RNA polymerase . several studies report that the antimicrobial activity of propolis is greater against Gram-positives than against Gram-negatives, the latter in fact requiring higher concentrations of resinous substance to be inhibited. Flavonoids and polyphenols such as quercetin, vestitol, neovestitol, medicarpine and pinobanksin have inhibitory and bactericidal effects against: Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In case of wounds or burns, propolis-based creams or its extracts play an important role in the healing and healing process of the lesion. Brazilian red propolis reduces matrix metalloproteinases-9, responsible for the degradation of the extracellular matrix and at the same time stimulates the production of collagen types I and III. Polish propolis influences the metabolism of fibronectin, reducing its availability, avoiding its accumulation at the site of the lesion and therefore the onset of hypertrophic tissues. Finally, caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) and galangin increase the availability of glycosaminoglycans, in particular: chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate and hyaluronic acid. By doing so, lipid peroxidation is reduced and fibroblast necrosis is prevented.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81860