Modern apple cultivation faces numerous challenges related to arthropods, which pose a constant threat to crop production and protection. Among the main phytophagous pests of this crop, there are aphids, lepidopterans, coleopterans, and stink bugs, which can cause direct damage to fruits, compromising their marketability and significantly reducing crop yield. The growing demand for sustainable pest management strategies encourages the adoption of solutions that integrate agronomic practices with biological control strategies, aiming to minimize the use of chemical control. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of different pest management approaches in apple orchards: organic farming, organic farming with exclusion netting, and conventional farming. Particular attention was given to the control and monitoring of the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) and the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). Additionally, the introduction of natural antagonists (ladybirds) was tested for the control of the woolly apple aphid. During the 2024 growing season, main arthropods observed were E. lanigerum, Aphis pomi, Metcalfa pruinosa, and H. halys. Considering organic farming, the use of exclusion netting showed mixed results: on the one hand, it helped in reducing H. halys infestation, on the other hand the infestation levels of the other pests were equal or even higher compared to observed pest level in organic farming with no exclusion netting. Conventional farming recorded the lowest infestation of all pests considered, compared to the other approaches: particularly for M. pruinosa and H. halys. The latter caused more significant damage to the Imperatore variety than to the Golden variety. Regarding the control of E. lanigerum through the release of ladybirds reduced aphid populations, but the main control factor was associated to activity of the parasitoid A. mali.
La melicoltura moderna affronta numerose criticità legate agli artropodi, che rappresentano una minaccia costante per la produzione e la protezione delle colture. Tra i principali fitofagi di questa coltura vi sono afidi, lepidotteri, coleotteri e pentatomidi, i quali possono causare danni diretti ai frutti, compromettendone la commerciabilità o riducendone significativamente la produzione. La gestione di questi parassiti è complessa, e la crescente richiesta di tecniche sostenibili spinge verso soluzioni che prevedano l’integrazione di pratiche agronomiche insieme a strategie di lotta biologica, volte a limitare l’uso della lotta chimica. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è analizzare le tecniche di difesa dagli artropodi nei meleti, valutandone l’impatto sulla coltura attraverso diverse modalità di gestione: biologica, biologica con rete e convenzionale, con particolare attenzione al controllo e al monitoraggio dell’afide lanigero (Eriosoma lanigerum) e della cimice asiatica (Halyomorpha halys). È stata inoltre sperimentata l’introduzione di antagonisti naturali (coccinellidi) per il controllo dell’afide lanigero. Nel corso della stagione 2024, i principali artropodi osservati sono stati E. lanigerum, Aphis pomi, Metcalfa pruinosa e H. halys. Nell’ambito della gestione biologica, l’utilizzo della rete ha mostrato effetti contrastanti: da un lato ha contribuito a ridurre l’infestazione di H. halys, ma per altri artropodi il livello di infestazione è risultato uguale, se non maggiore, rispetto alla gestione biologica senza rete. Con la gestione convenzionale, invece, si è registrato il livello di infestazione più basso in assoluto rispetto alle altre modalità, soprattutto per M. pruinosa e H. halys. Quest'ultima ha causato danni più significativi alla varietà Imperatore rispetto alla varietà Golden. Relativamente al controllo di E. lanigerum tramite il rilascio di coccinellidi, questi hanno determinato una riduzione della presenza di afidi, anche se il principale fattore di limitazione è stato il parassitoide A. mali.
Uso delle reti anti-insetto e possibilità di integrazione con la lotta biologica ad Eriosoma lanigerum
SIMIONATO, PAOLO
2024/2025
Abstract
Modern apple cultivation faces numerous challenges related to arthropods, which pose a constant threat to crop production and protection. Among the main phytophagous pests of this crop, there are aphids, lepidopterans, coleopterans, and stink bugs, which can cause direct damage to fruits, compromising their marketability and significantly reducing crop yield. The growing demand for sustainable pest management strategies encourages the adoption of solutions that integrate agronomic practices with biological control strategies, aiming to minimize the use of chemical control. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of different pest management approaches in apple orchards: organic farming, organic farming with exclusion netting, and conventional farming. Particular attention was given to the control and monitoring of the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) and the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys). Additionally, the introduction of natural antagonists (ladybirds) was tested for the control of the woolly apple aphid. During the 2024 growing season, main arthropods observed were E. lanigerum, Aphis pomi, Metcalfa pruinosa, and H. halys. Considering organic farming, the use of exclusion netting showed mixed results: on the one hand, it helped in reducing H. halys infestation, on the other hand the infestation levels of the other pests were equal or even higher compared to observed pest level in organic farming with no exclusion netting. Conventional farming recorded the lowest infestation of all pests considered, compared to the other approaches: particularly for M. pruinosa and H. halys. The latter caused more significant damage to the Imperatore variety than to the Golden variety. Regarding the control of E. lanigerum through the release of ladybirds reduced aphid populations, but the main control factor was associated to activity of the parasitoid A. mali.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82137