Neuropsychological Insights into ADHD: Cognitive and Behavioral Manifestations and the Evolution of Evidence-Based Treatments

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, affecting children and adults worldwide. This thesis delves into the neuropsychological foundations of ADHD, highlighting the Executive Dysfunction and Delay Aversion models. The Executive Dysfunction model attributes ADHD symptoms to impairments in cognitive processes. The Delay Aversion model emphasizes the role of reward systems. These models provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying ADHD. The thesis reviews evidence-based treatments for ADHD, focusing on pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological interventions, particularly stimulants like methylphenidate, have demonstrated efficacy in addressing core symptoms by enhancing attention, motivation, and impulse control. Non-pharmacological strategies that include behavioural therapies, neurofeedback and educational interventions, offer complementary or alternative solutions. Drawing on recent research and meta-analyses, this work underscores the multidimensional nature of ADHD, with genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. It advocates for integrated treatment strategies that address both cognitive deficits and behavioral challenges. By bridging neuropsychological insights with therapeutic practices, this thesis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of ADHD and its management, promoting individualized, evidence-based care for affected individuals.