Ionizing radiation is a known health risk factor, with effects ranging from tumor initiation to alteration of bone structure and function. In the clinical setting, radiation therapy is essential in the treatment of bone metastases and pain management, but it carries side effects such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, and failure fractures. In aerospace, on the other hand, astronauts are exposed to lower but prolonged doses of radiation over time, with effects still not fully understood, especially in combination with microgravity. This review analyzes radiation-induced biomechanical and morphometric changes on bone tissue, comparing clinical evidence with that of space exposure. The effects of different types of radiation, the consequences on the structural and mechanical properties of bone, and possible biological mechanisms underlying the observed alterations are examined. Through a systematic review of the literature, the work highlights the main similarities and differences between the two exposure conditions, with implications for biomedical research, radiation protection, and prevention strategies for radioinduced bone disease.
Le radiazioni ionizzanti rappresentano un fattore di rischio noto per la salute, con effetti che spaziano dall'insorgenza di tumori fino all'alterazione della struttura e della funzione ossea. In ambito clinico, la radioterapia è essenziale nel trattamento delle metastasi ossee e nella gestione del dolore, ma comporta effetti collaterali come osteopenia, osteoporosi e fratture da insufficienza. Nell’ambito aerospaziale, invece, gli astronauti sono esposti a dosi di radiazione più basse ma prolungate nel tempo, con effetti ancora non completamente compresi, specialmente in combinazione con la microgravità. Questa review analizza le alterazioni biomeccaniche e morfometriche indotte dalle radiazioni sul tessuto osseo, confrontando le evidenze cliniche con quelle relative all’esposizione spaziale. Vengono esaminati gli effetti di diverse tipologie di radiazione, le conseguenze sulle proprietà strutturali e meccaniche dell’osso e i possibili meccanismi biologici alla base delle alterazioni osservate. Attraverso un’analisi sistematica della letteratura il lavoro mette in luce le principali similitudini e differenze tra le due condizioni di esposizione, con implicazioni per la ricerca biomedica, la radioprotezione e le strategie di prevenzione delle patologie ossee radioindotte.
Biomeccanica delle ossa irradiate: implicazioni cliniche e spaziali dell'esposizione alle radiazioni
MORETTO, GIORDANO
2024/2025
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a known health risk factor, with effects ranging from tumor initiation to alteration of bone structure and function. In the clinical setting, radiation therapy is essential in the treatment of bone metastases and pain management, but it carries side effects such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, and failure fractures. In aerospace, on the other hand, astronauts are exposed to lower but prolonged doses of radiation over time, with effects still not fully understood, especially in combination with microgravity. This review analyzes radiation-induced biomechanical and morphometric changes on bone tissue, comparing clinical evidence with that of space exposure. The effects of different types of radiation, the consequences on the structural and mechanical properties of bone, and possible biological mechanisms underlying the observed alterations are examined. Through a systematic review of the literature, the work highlights the main similarities and differences between the two exposure conditions, with implications for biomedical research, radiation protection, and prevention strategies for radioinduced bone disease.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82599