Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for 1% of all BC diagnoses. Its clinical management is derived from current guidelines for female breast cancer (FBC), although it has unique features and is often characterized by a worse outcome. Purpose of the study: The main purposes of this study include: the evaluation of clinicopathological features, comorbidities, incidence of second malignancies and outcomes of patients (pts) with MBC; the framing of the HER2-low subtype, with focus on its incidence and prognostic differences in relation to HER2 status; the examination of the evolution of adjuvant hormone therapy (ET) and the incidence of endocrine resistance cases; the evaluation of treatment with CDK4/6i, with focus on associated toxicities; the evaluation of the use of PARPi in BRCA-mutated patients; the analysis of the lymphocyte infiltrate (TILs). Materials and methods: We collected clinicopathological data from a retrospective case series of 166 pts diagnosed with MBC, formulated between 1988 and 2024, treated at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto in Padua. We calculated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), according to STEEP v2.0 definitions. TILs were evaluated on primary tumour samples, recurrences or both, in compliance with the recommendations of the International TILs Working Group. Data were processed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests, using Rstudio version 4.4.2. Results: The mean age of pts at diagnosis was 64.9 years. The pts showed a high rate of cardiometabolic comorbidities (66%), second malignancies (27.7%) and positive oncological family history (67%). Among pts undergoing genetic testing, the mutation rates for BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes were 1.3%, 17.3% and 2.7%, respectively. 85.5% of the pts were affected by HR+/HER2- subtype, 7.2% by HER2+ subtype and 0.7% by TNBC. 47.6% of pts had HER2-low phenotype. A lower median OS emerged in HER2-low pts than in HER2-0 pts (120 months vs. 180 months, p=0.008). Among HR+/HER2- pts, 14% received CDK4/6i+ET (adjuvant n=1, advanced n=19). In the advanced setting, 94.7% received palbociclib, combined with letrozole in 78% and fulvestrant in 22%. The only grade 3 AEs were: neutropenia (37.5%), lymphopenia (12.5%), thrombocytopenia (6.3%). No grade 4-5 AEs or treatment discontinuations were reported. Among BRCA mutated pts (n=14), 21.4% received PARPi (adjuvant n=1, advanced n=2). Pts with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations had a worse 5-year OS than WT pts (81.7% vs. 93.0%, p=0.067). Among pts whose cause of death was known, 45.2% died from non-MBC-related causes (including other malignancies in 28.5% and cardiovascular events in 9.5%). Finally, the median levels of TILs (Q1-Q3) were 2.0% (1-5%) overall. Conclusions: We confirmed, based on one of the largest case series available, that MBC represents a distinct clinical, pathological and biological entity compared to FBC. The high burden of comorbidities and second malignancies found in this population lead to a considerable risk of non-MBC-related mortality, even in pts with advanced disease. A negative prognostic impact associated with BRCA and PALB2 gene mutations was captured. Data on the use of CDK4/6i are reassuring in terms of efficacy and safety. A considerable proportion of pts have a HER2-low phenotype, highlighting the need to generate data on the use of T-DXd ADCs in male pts. As expected, based on the predominance of the HR+/HER2- phenotype, MBC is associated with a weak immune infiltrate. Our results support the need to include more pts with MBC in clinical trials.
Presupposti dello studio: Il carcinoma mammario maschile (MBC) rappresenta l'1% di tutte le diagnosi di BC. Il suo management clinico deriva dalle linee guida vigenti per la sua controparte femminile (FBC), nonostante abbia caratteristiche uniche e sia contraddistinto, spesso, da un outcome peggiore. Scopo dello studio: la valutazione delle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche, delle comorbidità, dell’incidenza di seconde neoplasie e degli outcome dei pazienti (pts) affetti da MBC; l’inquadramento del sottotipo HER2-low, con focus sulla sua incidenza e sulle differenze prognostiche in relazione allo status di HER2; la disamina dell’evoluzione della terapia ormonale (ET) adiuvante e dell’incidenza dei casi di resistenza endocrina; la valutazione del trattamento con CDK4/6i, con focus sulle eventuali tossicità associate; la valutazione del ricorso ai PARPi nei pazienti BRCA-mutati; l’analisi dell’infiltrato linfocitario (TILs). Materiali e metodi: Abbiamo raccolto i dati clinico-patologici da una casistica retrospettiva di 166 pts con diagnosi di MBC, tra il 1988 e il 2024, afferenti all'Istituto Oncologico Veneto di Padova. Abbiamo calcolato la progression-free survival (PFS) e l’overall survival (OS), in accordo con le definizioni STEEP v2.0. I TILs sono stati valutati sui campioni di tumore primitivo e/o sulle recidive, in rispetto delle raccomandazioni dell’International TILs Working Group. I dati sono stati elaborati mediante curve di Kaplan-Meier e log-rank test, utilizzando Rstudio versione 4.4.2. Risultati: L’età media dei pts alla diagnosi è di 65 anni. I pts hanno mostrato un elevato tasso di comorbidità cardiometaboliche (66%), di seconde neoplasie (27,7%) e di storia familiare oncologica positiva (67%).Tra i pts sottoposti al test genetico, i tassi di mutazione a carico dei geni BRCA1, BRCA2 e PALB2 sono stati rispettivamente dell’1,3%, 17,3% e 2,7%. L’85,5% dei pts è risultata affetta dal sottotipo HR+/HER2-, il 7,2% dal sottotipo HR+/HER2+ e lo 0,7% dal TNBC. Il 47,6% dei pts presenta un fenotipo HER2-low. È emersa un’OS mediana inferiore nei pts HR+/HER2-low rispetto a quelli HR+/HER2-0 (120 mesi vs. 180 mesi, p=0,008).Tra i pts HR+/HER2-, il 14% ha ricevuto CDK4/6i+ET (adiuvante n=1, avanzato n=19). Nel setting avanzato, il 94,7% dei pts ha ricevuto palbociclib, associato a letrozolo nel 78% e a fulvestrant nel 22% dei casi. Gli unici AEs di grado 3 sono stati: neutropenia (37,5%), linfopenia (12,5%), trombocitopenia (6,3%). Non sono stati riportati AEs di grado 4-5 o interruzioni del trattamento.Tra i pts BRCA mutati (n=14), il 21,4% ha ricevuto PARPi (adiuvante n=1, avanzato n=2). I pts con mutazioni di BRCA1/2 o di PALB2 hanno registrato un'OS a 5 anni peggiore dei pts WT (81,7% vs. 93,0%, p=0,067). Tra i pts di cui si conosce la causa di morte, il 45,2% è morto per cause non MBC-relate (per altre neoplasie nel 28,5%, per eventi cardiovascolari nel 9,5%). Infine, i livelli mediani di TILs (Q1-Q3) sono stati globalmente del 2,0% (1-5%). Conclusioni: Da una delle casistiche più ampie ad oggi disponibili, emerge come il MBC rappresenti un’entità clinico-patologica e biologica distinta rispetto al FBC. L’elevato carico di comorbidità e di seconde neoplasie riscontrato in questa popolazione portano ad un rischio notevole di mortalità non MBC-relata, anche nei pts con malattia in stadio avanzato. Si è registrato, inoltre, un impatto prognostico negativo associato alle mutazioni dei geni BRCA e PALB2.I dati inerenti all’utilizzo dei CDK4/6i sono rassicuranti, in termini di efficacia e sicurezza. Una considerevole quota di pts presenta un fenotipo HER2-low, evidenziando la necessità di generare dati sull'utilizzo di T-DXd nei pts maschi. Come previsto in base alla predominanza del fenotipo HR+/HER2-, MBC si associa ad un infiltrato immunitario scarso.I nostri risultati sostengono la necessità di includere maggiormente nei trial clinici.
Caratteristiche clinico-patologiche, del microambiente immunitario e dei pattern di trattamento del carcinoma mammario maschile in un'ampia casistica retrospettiva mono-istituzionale
AXO, COSIMO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) accounts for 1% of all BC diagnoses. Its clinical management is derived from current guidelines for female breast cancer (FBC), although it has unique features and is often characterized by a worse outcome. Purpose of the study: The main purposes of this study include: the evaluation of clinicopathological features, comorbidities, incidence of second malignancies and outcomes of patients (pts) with MBC; the framing of the HER2-low subtype, with focus on its incidence and prognostic differences in relation to HER2 status; the examination of the evolution of adjuvant hormone therapy (ET) and the incidence of endocrine resistance cases; the evaluation of treatment with CDK4/6i, with focus on associated toxicities; the evaluation of the use of PARPi in BRCA-mutated patients; the analysis of the lymphocyte infiltrate (TILs). Materials and methods: We collected clinicopathological data from a retrospective case series of 166 pts diagnosed with MBC, formulated between 1988 and 2024, treated at the Istituto Oncologico Veneto in Padua. We calculated progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), according to STEEP v2.0 definitions. TILs were evaluated on primary tumour samples, recurrences or both, in compliance with the recommendations of the International TILs Working Group. Data were processed by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests, using Rstudio version 4.4.2. Results: The mean age of pts at diagnosis was 64.9 years. The pts showed a high rate of cardiometabolic comorbidities (66%), second malignancies (27.7%) and positive oncological family history (67%). Among pts undergoing genetic testing, the mutation rates for BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 genes were 1.3%, 17.3% and 2.7%, respectively. 85.5% of the pts were affected by HR+/HER2- subtype, 7.2% by HER2+ subtype and 0.7% by TNBC. 47.6% of pts had HER2-low phenotype. A lower median OS emerged in HER2-low pts than in HER2-0 pts (120 months vs. 180 months, p=0.008). Among HR+/HER2- pts, 14% received CDK4/6i+ET (adjuvant n=1, advanced n=19). In the advanced setting, 94.7% received palbociclib, combined with letrozole in 78% and fulvestrant in 22%. The only grade 3 AEs were: neutropenia (37.5%), lymphopenia (12.5%), thrombocytopenia (6.3%). No grade 4-5 AEs or treatment discontinuations were reported. Among BRCA mutated pts (n=14), 21.4% received PARPi (adjuvant n=1, advanced n=2). Pts with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations had a worse 5-year OS than WT pts (81.7% vs. 93.0%, p=0.067). Among pts whose cause of death was known, 45.2% died from non-MBC-related causes (including other malignancies in 28.5% and cardiovascular events in 9.5%). Finally, the median levels of TILs (Q1-Q3) were 2.0% (1-5%) overall. Conclusions: We confirmed, based on one of the largest case series available, that MBC represents a distinct clinical, pathological and biological entity compared to FBC. The high burden of comorbidities and second malignancies found in this population lead to a considerable risk of non-MBC-related mortality, even in pts with advanced disease. A negative prognostic impact associated with BRCA and PALB2 gene mutations was captured. Data on the use of CDK4/6i are reassuring in terms of efficacy and safety. A considerable proportion of pts have a HER2-low phenotype, highlighting the need to generate data on the use of T-DXd ADCs in male pts. As expected, based on the predominance of the HR+/HER2- phenotype, MBC is associated with a weak immune infiltrate. Our results support the need to include more pts with MBC in clinical trials.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82861