Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence in the general population, characterized by the occurrence of numerous medium- to long-term complications. Among these, increased bone fragility and consequent risk of fracture is of particular clinical interest due to its social and economic impact. Traditionally, fragility fractures have been considered typical of osteoporosis, a chronic disease characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density associated with a deterioration of its structural microarchitecture. In patients with DMT2, a paradoxical condition is observed; although these patients often present normal or elevated bone densitometry values, their risk of fractures, especially at the femoral neck and vertebrae, is increased due to qualitative changes in bone structure. Given these considerations, the objective of this thesis is twofold: - To assess the impact of diabetes on fragility femur fractures by examining the role of specific factors such as low vitamin D levels and reduced prescription of osteoactive therapies in diabetic patients. - To evaluate possible deficiencies in frailty fracture risk assessment and management in diabetic patients in order to identify preventive treatments aimed at reducing the incidence of these events, thereby improving patients’ quality of life and reducing the social and economic impact related to the high prevalence, prolonged convalescence, and high risk of related disability. The study was conducted on 508 patients hospitalized for femur fracture at the Padua University Hospital included in the Hip-POS (Hip-Padua OsteoSarcopenia) program, a Fracture Liaison Service model specifically designed for fragility femur fractures in patients aged 50 years and older. The results show that diabetic patients have a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, with significantly lower mean levels than the control group. Furthermore, despite their increased bone fragility, the prescription rate of osteoactive therapies was found to be significantly reduced compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, indicating undertreatment of these high fracture risk patients. The FRAX fracture risk prediction algorithm proved to be unreliable in diabetic patients due to bone micro-structural alterations typical of DMT2, suggesting the need for more sensitive diagnostic tools, such as the Trabecular Bone Score (TBS). These results highlight the need for an update in the management of chronic osteoprotective therapies in diabetic patients, both from a primary and secondary prevention perspective, by systematically evaluating vitamin D blood levels in diabetic patients and carefully considering the indication for anti-osteoporosis drug prescription. A multidisciplinary evaluation of these patients, as proposed in the Hip-POS model, could contribute to improving prevention, clinical outcomes, and quality of life, while reducing the morbidity and socioeconomic impact of fragility fractures.
Il diabete mellito di tipo 2 è una patologia cronica del metabolismo ad alta prevalenza nella popolazione generale, caratterizzata dall’insorgenza di numerose complicanze a medio-lungo termine. Tra queste, l’aumento della fragilità ossea e conseguente rischio di frattura risulta di particolare interesse clinico per l’impatto sociale ed economico che ne deriva. Tradizionalmente, le fratture da fragilità sono state considerate tipiche dell’osteoporosi, una malattia cronica caratterizzata da una riduzione della densità minerale ossea associata a un deterioramento della sua microarchitettura strutturale. Nel paziente con DMT2, si osserva una condizione paradossale, nonostante questi pazienti presentino spesso una densitometria ossea normale o elevata, il loro rischio di fratture, soprattutto a livello femorale e vertebrale, risulta invece aumentato a causa di alterazioni qualitative della struttura ossea. In virtù di tali considerazioni, l’obiettivo di questa tesi è duplice: • valutare l’impatto del diabete sulle fratture di femore da fragilità, esaminando il ruolo di fattori specifici come i bassi livelli di vitamina D e la ridotta prescrizione di terapie osteoattive nei pazienti diabetici. • valutare eventuali carenze nell’ inquadramento e gestione del rischio di frattura da fragilità nei pazienti diabetici, al fine di identificare trattamenti preventivi mirati alla riduzione dell’incidenza di tali eventi, migliorando così la qualità di vita dei pazienti e riducendo l’impatto sociale ed economico legato all’elevata prevalenza, alla prolungata convalescenza e all’alto rischio di disabilità correlati. Lo studio è stato condotto su 508 pazienti ricoverati per frattura di femore presso l’azienda ospedale università di Padova inclusi nel programma Hip-POS (Hip-Padua OsteoSarcopenia), un modello di Fracture Liaison Service specifico per fratture di femore da fragilità in pazienti di età uguale o superiore a 50 anni. I risultati dimostrano che i pazienti diabetici presentano un’alta prevalenza di ipovitaminosi D, con livelli medi significativamente più bassi rispetto al gruppo di controllo. Inoltre, nonostante l’aumentata fragilità ossea, il tasso di prescrizione di terapie osteoattive si è rivelato notevolmente ridotto rispetto alla controparte non diabetica, indicando un sottotrattamento di questi pazienti ad alto rischio frattura. L’algoritmo FRAX di predizione del rischio frattura si è rivelato inattendibile nei pazienti diabetici a causa delle alterazioni della micro-struttura ossea tipiche del DMT2, suggerendo l’implementazione di strumenti diagnostici più sensibili, come il Trabecular Bone Score (TBS). Questi risultati evidenziano la necessità di un aggiornamento nella gestione delle terapie croniche osteo-protettive nei pazienti diabetici, sia in ottica di prevenzione primaria che secondaria, integrando sistematicamente il dosaggio di vitamina D in questa categoria di pazienti e valutando attentamente l’eventuale indicazione alla prescrizione di farmaci anti-osteoporosi. La valutazione multidisciplinare di questi pazienti, come da principi del modello Hip-POS, potrebbe contribuire a migliorare la prevenzione, gli outcome clinici e la qualità di vita, riducendo la morbilità e l’impatto socioeconomico delle fratture da fragilità.
- Associazione tra diabete mellito di tipo 2 e fratture di femore da fragilità: dati dal Fracture Liaison Service dell’Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova
GEREMIA, DANIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence in the general population, characterized by the occurrence of numerous medium- to long-term complications. Among these, increased bone fragility and consequent risk of fracture is of particular clinical interest due to its social and economic impact. Traditionally, fragility fractures have been considered typical of osteoporosis, a chronic disease characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density associated with a deterioration of its structural microarchitecture. In patients with DMT2, a paradoxical condition is observed; although these patients often present normal or elevated bone densitometry values, their risk of fractures, especially at the femoral neck and vertebrae, is increased due to qualitative changes in bone structure. Given these considerations, the objective of this thesis is twofold: - To assess the impact of diabetes on fragility femur fractures by examining the role of specific factors such as low vitamin D levels and reduced prescription of osteoactive therapies in diabetic patients. - To evaluate possible deficiencies in frailty fracture risk assessment and management in diabetic patients in order to identify preventive treatments aimed at reducing the incidence of these events, thereby improving patients’ quality of life and reducing the social and economic impact related to the high prevalence, prolonged convalescence, and high risk of related disability. The study was conducted on 508 patients hospitalized for femur fracture at the Padua University Hospital included in the Hip-POS (Hip-Padua OsteoSarcopenia) program, a Fracture Liaison Service model specifically designed for fragility femur fractures in patients aged 50 years and older. The results show that diabetic patients have a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D, with significantly lower mean levels than the control group. Furthermore, despite their increased bone fragility, the prescription rate of osteoactive therapies was found to be significantly reduced compared to their non-diabetic counterparts, indicating undertreatment of these high fracture risk patients. The FRAX fracture risk prediction algorithm proved to be unreliable in diabetic patients due to bone micro-structural alterations typical of DMT2, suggesting the need for more sensitive diagnostic tools, such as the Trabecular Bone Score (TBS). These results highlight the need for an update in the management of chronic osteoprotective therapies in diabetic patients, both from a primary and secondary prevention perspective, by systematically evaluating vitamin D blood levels in diabetic patients and carefully considering the indication for anti-osteoporosis drug prescription. A multidisciplinary evaluation of these patients, as proposed in the Hip-POS model, could contribute to improving prevention, clinical outcomes, and quality of life, while reducing the morbidity and socioeconomic impact of fragility fractures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82875