Uveal melanoma (UM) is a malignant melanocytic neoplasm originating in the choroid, ciliary body, or iris, and it represents the most common primary ocular neoplasm in adults. From a molecular perspective, approximately 90% of UM cases are driven by mutually exclusive mutations in the GNA11 or GNAQ genes. This study analyzed a mono-institutional series of 84 UM cases (2010–2021), categorized by anatomical location and histological type: 46 spindle-cell (≈55%), 13 epithelioid (≈15%), and 25 mixed (≈30%) cases. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed for markers including p53, BAP1, CD3, CD8, PD-L1, mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, and NTRK. Additionally, targeted multigene next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted using a 67-gene cancer-related panel (VariantPlex; ArcherDX). The main findings from the immunohistochemical characterization showed that clonal or complete loss of p53 expression was significantly more frequent in spindle-cell uveal melanomas compared to those with epithelioid morphology. Conversely, melanomas with an epithelioid morphology showed a more frequent partial or complete loss of BAP1 expression, as well as a denser CD3-positive T-cell lymphocytic infiltrate compared to spindle-cell cases. No immunohistochemical positivity for NTRK or deficiency of MMR proteins was observed. Mutational analysis showed that ≈85% of cases harbored mutually exclusive mutations in GNA11 or GNAQ. Other notable molecular alterations included mutations in TP53 (≈7%), KDR (≈7%), and mTOR-related genes such as PTEN and PIK3CA (≈7%). Interestingly, ≈12% of cases displayed mutations typically associated with other melanoma types, such as BRAF V600E, KRAS, or KIT. This study provides new insights into UM from both immunohistochemical and molecular perspectives, highlighting promising prognostic and predictive markers for future research and therapeutic development.
Il melanoma uveale (UM) è una neoplasia melanocitica maligna che origina nella coroide, nel corpo ciliare o nell'iride ed è la neoplasia oculare primaria più comune negli adulti. Dal punto di vista molecolare, circa il 90% dei casi di UM è caratterizzato da mutazioni mutualmente esclusive nei geni GNA11 o GNAQ. Questo studio ha analizzato una serie monocentrica di 84 casi di UM (2010–2021), categorizzati in base alla localizzazione anatomica e al tipo istologico: 46 casi a cellule fusate (≈55%), 13 epiteloidi (≈15%) e 25 misti (≈30%). È stata effettuata un’analisi immunoistochimica (IHC) per marcatori come p53, BAP1, CD3, CD8, PD-L1, proteine del mismatch repair (MMR) e NTRK. Inoltre, è stato eseguito il sequenziamento genico multigene mirato di nuova generazione (NGS) utilizzando un pannello di 67 geni associati al cancro (VariantPlex; ArcherDX). I principali risultati della caratterizzazione immunoistochimica hanno evidenziato che la perdita clonale o completa dell’espressione di p53 è risultata significativamente più frequente nei melanomi uveali a cellule fusate rispetto ai casi con morfologia epitelioide o mista. Al contrario, i melanomi con prevalente componente epitelioide hanno mostrato più frequentemente una perdita parziale o completa dell’espressione di BAP1 e un infiltrato linfocitario T CD3-positivo più denso rispetto ai casi a cellule fusate. Non è stata invece osservata alcuna positività immunoistochimica per NTRK né alcun deficit delle proteine MMR. L'analisi mutazionale ha mostrato che circa l’85% dei casi presentava mutazioni mutuamente esclusive nei geni GNA11 o GNAQ. Altre alterazioni molecolari rilevanti includevano mutazioni in TP53 (≈7%), KDR (≈7%) e geni correlati alla via mTOR come PTEN e PIK3CA (≈7%). Interessante notare che ≈12% dei casi presentava mutazioni tipicamente associate ad altri tipi di melanoma, come BRAF V600E, KRAS o KIT. Questo studio fornisce nuovi dati sul melanoma uveale sia dal punto di vista immunoistochimico che molecolare, evidenziando marcatori prognostici e predittivi promettenti per la ricerca futura e lo sviluppo terapeutico
Profilazione immunoistochimica e molecolare del Melanoma Uveale: risultati e prospettive da uno studio monocentrico
DOBOS, IRENE
2024/2025
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a malignant melanocytic neoplasm originating in the choroid, ciliary body, or iris, and it represents the most common primary ocular neoplasm in adults. From a molecular perspective, approximately 90% of UM cases are driven by mutually exclusive mutations in the GNA11 or GNAQ genes. This study analyzed a mono-institutional series of 84 UM cases (2010–2021), categorized by anatomical location and histological type: 46 spindle-cell (≈55%), 13 epithelioid (≈15%), and 25 mixed (≈30%) cases. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed for markers including p53, BAP1, CD3, CD8, PD-L1, mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, and NTRK. Additionally, targeted multigene next-generation sequencing (NGS) was conducted using a 67-gene cancer-related panel (VariantPlex; ArcherDX). The main findings from the immunohistochemical characterization showed that clonal or complete loss of p53 expression was significantly more frequent in spindle-cell uveal melanomas compared to those with epithelioid morphology. Conversely, melanomas with an epithelioid morphology showed a more frequent partial or complete loss of BAP1 expression, as well as a denser CD3-positive T-cell lymphocytic infiltrate compared to spindle-cell cases. No immunohistochemical positivity for NTRK or deficiency of MMR proteins was observed. Mutational analysis showed that ≈85% of cases harbored mutually exclusive mutations in GNA11 or GNAQ. Other notable molecular alterations included mutations in TP53 (≈7%), KDR (≈7%), and mTOR-related genes such as PTEN and PIK3CA (≈7%). Interestingly, ≈12% of cases displayed mutations typically associated with other melanoma types, such as BRAF V600E, KRAS, or KIT. This study provides new insights into UM from both immunohistochemical and molecular perspectives, highlighting promising prognostic and predictive markers for future research and therapeutic development.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82882