Background: Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with a BRAF V600E mutation has a poor prognosis and a reduced response to conventional treatments. Primary and acquired resistance to BRAF, EGFR and MEK inhibitors represent a clinical challenge. Liquid biopsy, through the analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), allows real-time monitoring of tumour evolution and resistance mechanisms. Purpose of the study. The objective is to characterise the dynamics of primary and acquired resistance in BRAF V600E-mutated mCRC patients through longitudinal ctDNA analysis, identifying predictive biomarkers to optimise therapeutic strategies and improve clinical management. Materials and Methods. Patients with BRAF V600E mCRC treated with BRAF and EGFR ± MEK inhibitors were enrolled. Liquid biopsy samples were collected before treatment, at disease progression (PD) and, where possible, 8 weeks, 4 and 6 months after PD. The ctDNA was analysed using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with the AVENIO® kit for the sequencing of 77 genes. Based on the median progression free survival of the BEACON study (4.2 months), patients were divided into ‘responders’ (PFS ≥ 4.2 months) and ‘non-responders’ (PFS < 4.2 months). Mutations acquired during disease progression were compared with the baseline mutational profile to identify emerging resistance mechanisms and, where possible, their evolution in post-PD samples was evaluated. The study is exploratory and has no formal hypotheses. Results. From 2021 to 2024, 95 patients were enrolled, and ctDNA was analysed in 93 patients at baseline, at PD and, in 22 patients, at post-PD. The median age was 65 years and 49.5% were male; 63.2% of the primary tumours were located in the right colon and 12.6% had a dMMR/MSI profile. The median overall survival (mOS) from the start of target treatment was 12 months (95% CI 11–16), with no significant differences between double and triple target treatment. At baseline, the BRAF mutation was detected in 79.6% of patients with a median allelic fraction (VAF) of 2%. Patients with a high VAF (≥ 2%) showed a lower mOS compared to those with a low VAF (8.6 vs 18 months). At PD, the most common acquired mutations involved genes related to MAPK pathway reactivation: KRAS (24.7%), NRAS (16.1%), TP53 (11.8%) and MET amplification (7.5%). In patients with a liquid biopsy post-PD, many of these mutations were no longer detectable in ctDNA. Conclusions. This study provides new evidence on the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in BRAF V600E-mutated mCRC, emphasising the role of liquid biopsy in the dynamic monitoring of the disease. Integration of BRAF mutation status as a prognostic tool and characterisation of emerging mutations could guide the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance, evaluating the use of targeted therapy in subsequent lines and thus improving theoutcome in this subgroup of patients.
Background. Il carcinoma colorettale metastatico (mCRC) con mutazione BRAF V600E ha una prognosi sfavorevole e una ridotta risposta ai trattamenti convenzionali. La resistenza primaria e acquisita agli inibitori di BRAF, EGFR e MEK rappresenta una sfida clinica. La biopsia liquida, tramite l’analisi del DNA tumorale circolante (ctDNA), consente di monitorare in tempo reale l’evoluzione tumorale e i meccanismi di resistenza. Scopo dello studio. L’obiettivo è caratterizzare le dinamiche di resistenza primaria e acquisita nei pazienti con mCRC BRAF V600E-mutato attraverso l’analisi longitudinale del ctDNA, identificando biomarcatori predittivi per ottimizzare le strategie terapeutiche e migliorare la gestione clinica. Materiali e Metodi. Sono stati arruolati pazienti con mCRC BRAF V600E trattati con inibitori di BRAF ed EGFR ± MEK. Campioni di biopsia liquida sono stati raccolti prima del trattamento, alla progressione di malattia (PD) e, ove possibile, a 8 settimane, 4 e 6 mesi dalla PD. Il ctDNA è stato analizzato tramite metodica di Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) con il kit AVENIO per il sequenziamento di 77 geni. In base alla progression free survival mediana dello studio BEACON (4.2 mesi), i pazienti sono stati suddivisi in “responders” (PFS ≥ 4.2 mesi) e “non-responders” (PFS < 4.2 mesi). Le mutazioni acquisite alla progressione della malattia sono state confrontate con il profilo mutazionale basale per identificare i meccanismi di resistenza emergenti e, laddove possibile, se ne è valutata l’evoluzione nei campioni post-PD. Lo studio è esplorativo e privo di ipotesi formali. Risultati. Dal 2021 al 2024 sono stati arruolati 95 pazienti, analizzando il ctDNA di 93 pazienti al basale, alla PD e, in 22 pazienti, alla post-PD. L’età mediana era 65 anni ed il 49.5% era di sesso maschile; il 63.2% dei tumori primitivi aveva localizzazione nel colon destro ed il 12.6% presentava profilo dMMR/MSI. La sopravvivenza globale mediana (mOS) dall’inizio del trattamento target è stata di 12 mesi (IC 95% 11 – 16), senza differenze significative tra doppietta e tripletta del trattamento target. Al prelievo basale, la mutazione BRAF è stata rilevata nel 79.6% dei pazienti con una frazione allelica (VAF) mediana del 2%. I pazienti con VAF elevata (≥ 2%) hanno mostrato una mOS inferiore rispetto a quelli con VAF bassa (8.6 vs 18 mesi). Alla PD, le mutazioni più comuni acquisite riguardavano geni correlati alla riattivazione della via di MAPK: KRAS (24.7%), NRAS (16.1%), TP53 (11.8%) e l’amplificazione di MET (7.5%). Nei pazienti con biopsia liquida post-PD, molte di queste mutazioni non erano più rilevabili nel ctDNA. Conclusioni. Questo studio fornisce nuove evidenze sui meccanismi di resistenza alle terapie mirate nel mCRC BRAF V600E-mutato, sottolineando il ruolo della biopsia liquida nel monitoraggio dinamico della malattia. L’integrazione della FA di BRAF come strumento prognostico e la caratterizzazione delle mutazioni emergenti potrebbero guidare lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche più efficaci per superare la resistenza, la valutazione dell’impiego della terapia target nelle linee successive e migliorare quindi l’outcome in questo sottogruppo di pazienti.
Studio dei possibili meccanismi di resistenza al trattamento a bersaglio molecolare nei pazienti con tumore del colon-retto metastatico e mutazione di BRAF V600E, attraverso il monitoraggio longitudinale del ctDNA
TRITONI, DANIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with a BRAF V600E mutation has a poor prognosis and a reduced response to conventional treatments. Primary and acquired resistance to BRAF, EGFR and MEK inhibitors represent a clinical challenge. Liquid biopsy, through the analysis of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), allows real-time monitoring of tumour evolution and resistance mechanisms. Purpose of the study. The objective is to characterise the dynamics of primary and acquired resistance in BRAF V600E-mutated mCRC patients through longitudinal ctDNA analysis, identifying predictive biomarkers to optimise therapeutic strategies and improve clinical management. Materials and Methods. Patients with BRAF V600E mCRC treated with BRAF and EGFR ± MEK inhibitors were enrolled. Liquid biopsy samples were collected before treatment, at disease progression (PD) and, where possible, 8 weeks, 4 and 6 months after PD. The ctDNA was analysed using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) with the AVENIO® kit for the sequencing of 77 genes. Based on the median progression free survival of the BEACON study (4.2 months), patients were divided into ‘responders’ (PFS ≥ 4.2 months) and ‘non-responders’ (PFS < 4.2 months). Mutations acquired during disease progression were compared with the baseline mutational profile to identify emerging resistance mechanisms and, where possible, their evolution in post-PD samples was evaluated. The study is exploratory and has no formal hypotheses. Results. From 2021 to 2024, 95 patients were enrolled, and ctDNA was analysed in 93 patients at baseline, at PD and, in 22 patients, at post-PD. The median age was 65 years and 49.5% were male; 63.2% of the primary tumours were located in the right colon and 12.6% had a dMMR/MSI profile. The median overall survival (mOS) from the start of target treatment was 12 months (95% CI 11–16), with no significant differences between double and triple target treatment. At baseline, the BRAF mutation was detected in 79.6% of patients with a median allelic fraction (VAF) of 2%. Patients with a high VAF (≥ 2%) showed a lower mOS compared to those with a low VAF (8.6 vs 18 months). At PD, the most common acquired mutations involved genes related to MAPK pathway reactivation: KRAS (24.7%), NRAS (16.1%), TP53 (11.8%) and MET amplification (7.5%). In patients with a liquid biopsy post-PD, many of these mutations were no longer detectable in ctDNA. Conclusions. This study provides new evidence on the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in BRAF V600E-mutated mCRC, emphasising the role of liquid biopsy in the dynamic monitoring of the disease. Integration of BRAF mutation status as a prognostic tool and characterisation of emerging mutations could guide the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance, evaluating the use of targeted therapy in subsequent lines and thus improving theoutcome in this subgroup of patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82885