Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex and debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive impulses or thoughts, known as obsessions, and repetitive behaviors, or compulsions. OCD affects between 2% and 3% of the general population and is frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidities, such as major depressive disorder. Despite its significant impact on patients' psychological health and social interactions, the understanding of OCD has made considerable progress in recent years, thanks to the evolution of modern neuroimaging techniques, both structural, such as voxel-based morphometry, and functional, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which have contributed to identifying brain areas involved in anxiety regulation and decision-making processes. OCD involves a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors, which have been extensively studied, but research is still ongoing to identify additional elements that may contribute to its pathogenesis. Advanced non-invasive techniques, such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), and invasive techniques, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), are emerging as potential therapeutic options for patients who do not respond to first-line treatments, such as serotoninergic pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapies. Furthermore, pharmacological augmentation therapies are gaining an increasing attention in the treatment of treatment-resistant OCD patients. This thesis aims to examine Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in its multiple dimensions, analyzing its clinical and neurobiological foundations, as well as traditional and innovative therapeutic options. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on OCD, proposing a multidimensional and personalized approach that may improve therapeutic outcomes and the quality of life for patients.
Il Disturbo Ossessivo-Compulsivo (DOC) è una condizione psichiatrica complessa e debilitante caratterizzata dalla presenza di impulsi o pensieri invadenti, le ossessioni, e da comportamenti ripetitivi ossia le compulsioni. Il DOC interessa tra il 2% e il 3% della popolazione generale ed è frequentemente associato a comorbidità psichiatriche, in particolare il disturbo depressivo maggiore. Nonostante il suo impatto significativo sulla salute psicologica e sulle interazioni sociali dei pazienti, la comprensione del DOC ha registrato notevoli progressi negli ultimi anni, grazie all'evoluzione delle moderne tecniche di neuroimaging, sia strutturali, come la morfometria basata su voxel, che funzionali, come la risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI), che hanno contribuito a identificare le aree cerebrali coinvolte nel controllo dell'ansia e nei processi decisionali. Il DOC implica una complessa interazione tra fattori biologici, psicologici e ambientali, che sono stati ampiamente studiati, ma la ricerca è ancora in corso per identificare ulteriori elementi che possano contribuire alla sua patogenesi. Tecniche avanzate non invasive, come la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica ripetitiva (rTMS), e invasive, come la Stimolazione Cerebrale Profonda (DBS), stanno emergendo come potenziali opzioni terapeutiche per i pazienti che non rispondono ai trattamenti di prima linea, ossia la farmacoterapia con agenti serotoninergici e le terapie comportamentali. Inoltre, le terapie di augmentazione farmacologica stanno acquisendo maggiore attenzione per trattare i pazienti con DOC resistente. Questa tesi si propone di esaminare il Disturbo Ossessivo-Compulsivo nelle sue molteplici dimensioni, analizzandone le basi cliniche e neurobiologiche, nonché le opzioni terapeutiche tradizionali e innovative. L'intento è fornire una panoramica esaustiva delle conoscenze attuali sul DOC, proponendo un approccio multidimensionale e personalizzato che possa migliorare i risultati terapeutici e la qualità della vita dei pazienti.
Trattamenti convenzionali e innovativi per il disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo: farmacoterapia e tecniche neuromodulatorie invasive e non invasive
AWAD, GABI
2024/2025
Abstract
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex and debilitating psychiatric condition characterized by intrusive impulses or thoughts, known as obsessions, and repetitive behaviors, or compulsions. OCD affects between 2% and 3% of the general population and is frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidities, such as major depressive disorder. Despite its significant impact on patients' psychological health and social interactions, the understanding of OCD has made considerable progress in recent years, thanks to the evolution of modern neuroimaging techniques, both structural, such as voxel-based morphometry, and functional, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which have contributed to identifying brain areas involved in anxiety regulation and decision-making processes. OCD involves a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and environmental factors, which have been extensively studied, but research is still ongoing to identify additional elements that may contribute to its pathogenesis. Advanced non-invasive techniques, such as repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), and invasive techniques, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), are emerging as potential therapeutic options for patients who do not respond to first-line treatments, such as serotoninergic pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapies. Furthermore, pharmacological augmentation therapies are gaining an increasing attention in the treatment of treatment-resistant OCD patients. This thesis aims to examine Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in its multiple dimensions, analyzing its clinical and neurobiological foundations, as well as traditional and innovative therapeutic options. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on OCD, proposing a multidimensional and personalized approach that may improve therapeutic outcomes and the quality of life for patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82887