This thesis explores the issue of space debris mitigation, a crucial step in ensuring the safety and sustainability of the constantly expanding space industry. Since 1957, 20.650 satellites have been released in orbit. The disruption, explosion or collision of some of them has generated over the years, according to ESA estimates, more than 130 million space debris and it is expected to increase exponentially. Because of their extremely high speeds of up to 14 km/s, collision with other elements can lead to the creation of new pieces of debris. It is feared that their uncontrolled growth could lead to Kessler Syndrome, which would result in the loss of entire orbits, making new launches impossible, destroying or damaging operational satellites, and their uncontrolled re-entry into the atmosphere. This scenario would have significant repercussions on the space economy and all the sectors that depend on it, including the satellite telecommunications, Earth observation and GPS navigation industries, with an estimated loss of over $191 billions only in LEO orbit. The space community is exploring different solutions to preserve the safety of the orbital environment. Debris is constantly monitored to predict possible collisions. There is also a need to develop binding international regulatory frameworks and standards to define guidelines and regulations for their mitigation. Technical solutions include active debris removal through the use of robotic spacecraft, orbital recycling and waste minimisation through procedures for the safe dismantling of spacecraft at the end of their operational life. Finally, addressing this challenge opens up new economic opportunities and jobs for companies that adopt innovative and sustainable practices to preserve the space environment.
Questo lavoro di tesi affronta la tematica della mitigazione dei detriti spaziali, un passo cruciale per garantire la sicurezza e la sostenibilità dell’industria spaziale in continua espansione. A partire dal 1957 sono stati lanciati in orbita circa 20.650 satelliti. La rottura, esplosione o collisione di una parte di essi ha generato negli anni, secondo le stime dell’ESA, circa 130 milioni di detriti spaziali e si prevede un loro aumento esponenziale. A causa delle loro velocità elevatissime, fino a 14 km/s, la collisione con altri elementi può portare alla creazione di nuovi rifiuti. Si teme che la loro crescita incontrollata possa portare alla Sindrome di Kessler, che provocherebbe la perdita di intere orbite, con conseguente impossibilità di nuovi lanci, la distruzione o il danneggiamento dei satelliti operativi ed il loro rientro incontrollato in atmosfera. Questo scenario avrebbe ripercussioni significative sulla Space Economy e su tutti i settori che ne dipendono, tra cui le industrie delle telecomunicazioni satellitari, dell’osservazione della Terra e della navigazione Gps, con una perdita stimata di 191 miliardi di dollari solamente in orbita LEO. La comunità spaziale sta esplorando diverse soluzioni per preservare la sicurezza dell’ambiente orbitale. I detriti sono costantemente monitorati per prevedere eventuali collisioni. Viene inoltre evidenziata la necessità di sviluppare quadri normativi e standard internazionali vincolanti, per definire linee guida e regolamenti per la loro mitigazione. Le soluzioni tecniche comprendono la rimozione attiva dei detriti tramite l’utilizzo di veicoli spaziali robotici, il riciclo orbitale e la riduzione al minimo dei rifiuti, tramite procedure per lo smantellamento sicuro dei veicoli spaziali al termine della loro vita operativa. Infine, affrontare questa sfida apre nuove opportunità economiche e posti di lavoro per le aziende che adottano pratiche innovative e sostenibili per preservare l’ambiente spaziale.
La mitigazione dei detriti spaziali per una corsa allo spazio sostenibile: aspetti giuridici, economici ed innovazioni tecnologiche
BUSA, ARIANNA
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis explores the issue of space debris mitigation, a crucial step in ensuring the safety and sustainability of the constantly expanding space industry. Since 1957, 20.650 satellites have been released in orbit. The disruption, explosion or collision of some of them has generated over the years, according to ESA estimates, more than 130 million space debris and it is expected to increase exponentially. Because of their extremely high speeds of up to 14 km/s, collision with other elements can lead to the creation of new pieces of debris. It is feared that their uncontrolled growth could lead to Kessler Syndrome, which would result in the loss of entire orbits, making new launches impossible, destroying or damaging operational satellites, and their uncontrolled re-entry into the atmosphere. This scenario would have significant repercussions on the space economy and all the sectors that depend on it, including the satellite telecommunications, Earth observation and GPS navigation industries, with an estimated loss of over $191 billions only in LEO orbit. The space community is exploring different solutions to preserve the safety of the orbital environment. Debris is constantly monitored to predict possible collisions. There is also a need to develop binding international regulatory frameworks and standards to define guidelines and regulations for their mitigation. Technical solutions include active debris removal through the use of robotic spacecraft, orbital recycling and waste minimisation through procedures for the safe dismantling of spacecraft at the end of their operational life. Finally, addressing this challenge opens up new economic opportunities and jobs for companies that adopt innovative and sustainable practices to preserve the space environment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82958