Background Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) represents a severe complication in patients with liver cirrhosis, associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial. In patients with AKI stage ≥ 1B, the current guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) recommend discontinuing diuretic therapy and initiating plasma expansion with albumin for 48 hours. In patients with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI), the recommended treatment is terlipressin in combination with albumin, with dosage titration every 48 hours. Recently, the consensus of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative and the International Club of Ascites (ADQI/ICA) suggested reducing the time for evaluating therapeutic response from 48 to 24 hours. However, the impact of these recommendations remains unknown. Objectives The aim of this study was: 1) To assess the impact of the new ADQI/ICA 24-hour response criteria, both in terms of volume expansion and in evaluating the response to therapy with terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and AKI; 2) To develop new 24-hour response criteria for use in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients with liver cirrhosis and AKI stage ≥ 1B, hospitalized at Padova University Hospital between 2015 and 2024. Results A total of 387 patients with cirrhosis and AKI were enrolled (mean age 61.6 ± 10.7 years, 72% male), with predominantly alcohol-related etiology (59.2%). The majority of patients had AKI stage 1B (57%). After volume expansion, 110 patients (28%) responded at 24 hours, and 205 (53%) responded at 48 hours. Among the 277 patients who were non-responders at 24 hours, 98 (35.3%) showed a response at 48 hours. The percentage change in creatinine at 24 hours demonstrated a high discriminatory ability for the 48-hour response (AUROC = 0.865; p < 0.001). A creatinine reduction >10% at 24 hours showed a high positive predictive value (PPV = 89%) for response at 48 hours, reducing the number of patients incorrectly classified as non-responders. Furthermore, the new 24-hour response classification had high prognostic value, being significantly associated with an increased 90-day survival probability compared to non-responders. In the HRS-AKI subgroup treated with terlipressin and albumin (n = 108), 16 patients (15%) were classified as responders at 24 hours, and 40 (37%) at 48 hours. Among those classified as non-responders at 24 hours, 25 later showed a response at 48 hours. A creatinine reduction >10% at 24 hours had a high positive predictive value (PPV = 84%) for response at 48 hours, reducing the misclassification of non responders. Conclusions The 24-hour response criterion proposed by the ADQI/ICA consensus misclassifies a significant proportion of patients with AKI and HRS-AKI as non-responders, potentially leading to inappropriate treatment decisions and unnecessary adverse effects. The new proposed 24-hour response classification, based on percentage creatinine variation, reduces the misclassification rate and could be a valuable tool in clinical practice.
Introduzione L'Insufficienza Renale Acuta (AKI) rappresenta una grave complicanza nei pazienti con cirrosi epatica, associata ad elevata mortalità. Una diagnosi precoce ed un trattamento tempestivo sono fondamentali. Nei pazienti con stadio di AKI ≥ 1B, le attuali linee guida della European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), suggeriscono la sospensione della terapia diuretica e l’espansione plasmatica con albumina per 48 ore. Nei pazienti con sindrome epatorenale (HRS-AKI) il trattamento raccomandato è con la terlipressina, in associazione con l'albumina, col dosaggio che va titolato ogni 48 ore. Recentemente, il consensus dell’Acute Disease Quality Initiative e dell’International Club of Ascites (ADQI/ICA) ha suggerito di ridurre il tempo di valutazione della risposta terapeutica da 48 a 24 ore. L’impatto di tali suggerimenti non è noto. Obiettivi Lo scopo di questo studio è stato: 1) di valutare l’impatto dei nuovi criteri ADQI/ICA di risposta a 24 ore, sia per quanto riguarda l’espansione volemica che per quanto riguarda la valutazione della risposta alla terapia con terlipressina ed albumina in pazienti con cirrosi e AKI;2) Sviluppare nuovi criteri di risposta a 24 ore da utilizzare nella pratica clinica. Materiali e Metodi È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su pazienti con cirrosi epatica e stadio di AKI ≥ 1B, ricoverati presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova nel periodo 2015–2024. Risultati Sono stati arruolati 387 pazienti con cirrosi ed AKI (età media 61.6 ±10.7 anni; sesso maschile 72%) a prevalente eziologia alcol correlata (59.2%). La maggior parte dei pazienti presentava uno stadio AKI 1B (57%). Dopo espansione volemica, 110 pazienti (28%) hanno presentato una risposta a 24 ore e 205 (53%) a 48 ore. Dei 277 pazienti non responders a 24 ore, 98 (35.3%) hanno mostrato una risposta a 48 ore. La variazione percentuale di creatinina a 24 ore ha mostrato una elevata capacità di discriminazione per la risposta a 48 ore (AUROC=0.865; p<0.001). Una riduzione della creatinina >10% a 24 ore ha mostrato un elevato valore predittivo positivo per la risposta a 48 ore (89%). Riducendo il numero di pazienti classificati erroneamente come non responders. La nuova classificazione di risposta a 24 ore aveva inoltre un elevato valore prognostico, essedo associata ad un aumento significativo della probabilità di sopravvivenza a 90 giorni rispetto ai non responders. Nel sottogruppo di pazienti con HRS-AKI trattati con terlipressina ed albumina (n=108), 16 pazienti (15%) sono stati classificati come responders a 24 ore e 40 (37%) a 48 ore. Dei pazienti classificati come non responders a 24 ore, 25 hanno avuto una risposta a 48 ore. Una riduzione della creatinina >10% a 24 ore ha mostrato un elevato valore predittivo positivo per la risposta a 48 ore (84%). Riducendo il numero di pazienti classificati erroneamente come non responders. Conclusioni L’utilizzo del criterio di risposta a 24 ore suggerito dal consensus ADQI/ICA classifica erroneamente come non-responders una quota rilevante di pazienti con AKI e HRS-AKI, con il rischio di instaurare trattamenti inappropriati e gravati da potenziali effetti collaterali. La nuova proposta di classificazione della risposta a 24 ore basata sulla percentuale della variazione della creatinina riduce il numero dei pazienti erroneamente classificati come non responders e potrebbe essere utilizzata nella pratica clinica.
Implicazioni delle raccomandazioni ADQI/ICA sulla gestione ed il decorso clinico dell'insufficienza renale acuta in pazienti con cirrosi scompensata
AWAWDEH, MAJD
2024/2025
Abstract
Background Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) represents a severe complication in patients with liver cirrhosis, associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial. In patients with AKI stage ≥ 1B, the current guidelines of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) recommend discontinuing diuretic therapy and initiating plasma expansion with albumin for 48 hours. In patients with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-AKI), the recommended treatment is terlipressin in combination with albumin, with dosage titration every 48 hours. Recently, the consensus of the Acute Disease Quality Initiative and the International Club of Ascites (ADQI/ICA) suggested reducing the time for evaluating therapeutic response from 48 to 24 hours. However, the impact of these recommendations remains unknown. Objectives The aim of this study was: 1) To assess the impact of the new ADQI/ICA 24-hour response criteria, both in terms of volume expansion and in evaluating the response to therapy with terlipressin and albumin in patients with cirrhosis and AKI; 2) To develop new 24-hour response criteria for use in clinical practice. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on patients with liver cirrhosis and AKI stage ≥ 1B, hospitalized at Padova University Hospital between 2015 and 2024. Results A total of 387 patients with cirrhosis and AKI were enrolled (mean age 61.6 ± 10.7 years, 72% male), with predominantly alcohol-related etiology (59.2%). The majority of patients had AKI stage 1B (57%). After volume expansion, 110 patients (28%) responded at 24 hours, and 205 (53%) responded at 48 hours. Among the 277 patients who were non-responders at 24 hours, 98 (35.3%) showed a response at 48 hours. The percentage change in creatinine at 24 hours demonstrated a high discriminatory ability for the 48-hour response (AUROC = 0.865; p < 0.001). A creatinine reduction >10% at 24 hours showed a high positive predictive value (PPV = 89%) for response at 48 hours, reducing the number of patients incorrectly classified as non-responders. Furthermore, the new 24-hour response classification had high prognostic value, being significantly associated with an increased 90-day survival probability compared to non-responders. In the HRS-AKI subgroup treated with terlipressin and albumin (n = 108), 16 patients (15%) were classified as responders at 24 hours, and 40 (37%) at 48 hours. Among those classified as non-responders at 24 hours, 25 later showed a response at 48 hours. A creatinine reduction >10% at 24 hours had a high positive predictive value (PPV = 84%) for response at 48 hours, reducing the misclassification of non responders. Conclusions The 24-hour response criterion proposed by the ADQI/ICA consensus misclassifies a significant proportion of patients with AKI and HRS-AKI as non-responders, potentially leading to inappropriate treatment decisions and unnecessary adverse effects. The new proposed 24-hour response classification, based on percentage creatinine variation, reduces the misclassification rate and could be a valuable tool in clinical practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/83009