Introduction: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a clinical condition that remains largely unknown and often goes undiagnosed. Without early diagnosis and timely habilitative intervention, children with DCD may face significant challenges in daily life, risking a lower quality of life and reduced self-esteem compared to their peers. Aim: This study has a dual objective: first, to identify the presence of motor coordination difficulties in a sufficiently representative sample; second, to propose a screening methodology specifically designed for preschool-aged children to facilitate the early identification of potential risk factors. Materials and Methods: A literature review examined the most up-to-date knowledge on Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The study involved 13 children aged 4 to 5 years, who were assessed using the Movement ABC-2 test. This tool, recognized as the gold standard according to international guidelines, is used to identify and evaluate motor difficulties in children suspected of having DCD. Additionally, the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) was administered to assess visuospatial abilities. This test is divided into subtests that analyze visual perception, motor coordination, and their integration. To complement the study, a questionnaire was given to the parents of participating children to investigate the developmental milestones of psychomotor growth. Results: During the screening process, one child (7.7% of the sample) obtained a score between the 5th and 15th percentile, placing them in the borderline range in both test assessments. A correlation analysis was conducted between the total scores of the two tests. Although the small sample size prevents statistical significance, the Pearson correlation coefficient (p = 0.083) indicates a moderate relationship. This suggests that children who score higher on one test tend to achieve higher scores on the other as well. Based on the findings, a hypothetical educational-preventive project was developed, focusing on areas with the greatest difficulties or those still in the developmental phase. Conclusions: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is common in childhood, yet its early diagnosis is hindered by limited awareness. The Childhood Neuro and psychomotricity Therapist (TNPEE) can play a key role in schools by observing motor difficulties in an ecological setting and proposing targeted interventions that benefit the entire class group. Furthermore, the TNPEE supports teachers in developing pre-writing skills and other areas of child development. The study highlights the value of this professional figure in the school setting; however, further research is needed to establish structured programs and evaluate the long-term effects of the proposed interventions.
Introduzione: il Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione Motoria (DCD) è una condizione clinica ancora poco conosciuta e spesso non diagnosticata. Senza una diagnosi precoce e un tempestivo intervento abilitativo, i bambini con DCD possono incontrare notevoli difficoltà nella vita quotidiana, rischiando una qualità di vita inferiore e un livello di autostima più basso rispetto ai loro coetanei. Obiettivo: l'obiettivo del presente elaborato è duplice: da un lato, individuare in un campione sufficientemente rappresentativo la presenza di difficoltà di coordinazione motoria; dall'altro, proporre una metodologia di screening specificamente concepita per l'età prescolare, al fine di identificare precocemente potenziali fattori di rischio. Materiali e Metodi: è stata condotta un’indagine bibliografica per esaminare le cono-scenze più aggiornate sul Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione Motoria (DCD). Per il progetto sono stati coinvolti 13 bambini di età compresa tra i 4 e i 5 anni, ai quali è stato somministrato il test Movement ABC-2. Questo strumento, considerato il gold standard secondo le linee guida internazionali, è utilizzato per identificare e valutare le difficoltà motorie nei bambini con sospetto DCD. Inoltre, per le abilità visuo-spaziali è stato applicato il Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI), che è suddiviso in sub-test che permettono di analizzare le componenti di percezione visiva e di coordinazione motoria e la loro integrazione. A completamento del progetto, è stato somministrato un questionario ai genitori dei bambini partecipanti al progetto, con l’obiettivo di indagare l’evoluzione delle principali tappe dello sviluppo psicomotorio. Risultati: nella procedura di screening, un bambino (7,7% del campione) ha ottenuto un punteggio compreso tra il 5° e il 15° percentile, rientrando nella fascia borderline in entrambe le valutazioni testistiche. Sebbene l’analisi della correlazione tra i due test non fosse prevista inizialmente, è stata successivamente condotta, evidenziando una relazione moderata tra i punteggi totali (indice di correlazione di Pearson, p = 0.083). Pur senza raggiungere la significatività statistica a causa della limitata numerosità del campione, il risultato suggerisce che i bambini con difficoltà di coordinazione tendono a presentare anche difficoltà nelle abilità visuospaziali e nell’integrazione visuomotoria. Sulla base di questi dati, è stato sviluppato un progetto ipotetico di carattere educativo-preventivo, focalizzato sulle aree con maggiori difficoltà o ancora in via di sviluppo. Conclusioni: il Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione (DCD) è comune nell’età evolutiva, ma la scarsa conoscenza ne ostacola la diagnosi precoce. Il Terapista della Neuro e Psicomotricità dell’Età Evolutiva (TNPEE) ha un ruolo chiave nelle scuole, osservando le difficoltà motorie e proponendo interventi mirati, con benefici per tutta la classe. Inoltre, supporta gli insegnanti nello sviluppo dei prerequisiti alla scrittura e in altre aree dello sviluppo. Lo studio evidenzia l’importanza di questa figura, ma servono ulteriori ricerche per strutturare programmi e valutarne gli effetti a lungo termine.
Identificazione precoce dei fattori di rischio per il Disturbo dello Sviluppo della Coordinazione (DCD) e le difficoltà visuo-spaziali nei bambini in età prescolare: il contributo del Terapista della Neuro e Psicomotricità dell’Età Evolutiva (TNPEE)
TESO, FRANCESCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a clinical condition that remains largely unknown and often goes undiagnosed. Without early diagnosis and timely habilitative intervention, children with DCD may face significant challenges in daily life, risking a lower quality of life and reduced self-esteem compared to their peers. Aim: This study has a dual objective: first, to identify the presence of motor coordination difficulties in a sufficiently representative sample; second, to propose a screening methodology specifically designed for preschool-aged children to facilitate the early identification of potential risk factors. Materials and Methods: A literature review examined the most up-to-date knowledge on Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The study involved 13 children aged 4 to 5 years, who were assessed using the Movement ABC-2 test. This tool, recognized as the gold standard according to international guidelines, is used to identify and evaluate motor difficulties in children suspected of having DCD. Additionally, the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) was administered to assess visuospatial abilities. This test is divided into subtests that analyze visual perception, motor coordination, and their integration. To complement the study, a questionnaire was given to the parents of participating children to investigate the developmental milestones of psychomotor growth. Results: During the screening process, one child (7.7% of the sample) obtained a score between the 5th and 15th percentile, placing them in the borderline range in both test assessments. A correlation analysis was conducted between the total scores of the two tests. Although the small sample size prevents statistical significance, the Pearson correlation coefficient (p = 0.083) indicates a moderate relationship. This suggests that children who score higher on one test tend to achieve higher scores on the other as well. Based on the findings, a hypothetical educational-preventive project was developed, focusing on areas with the greatest difficulties or those still in the developmental phase. Conclusions: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is common in childhood, yet its early diagnosis is hindered by limited awareness. The Childhood Neuro and psychomotricity Therapist (TNPEE) can play a key role in schools by observing motor difficulties in an ecological setting and proposing targeted interventions that benefit the entire class group. Furthermore, the TNPEE supports teachers in developing pre-writing skills and other areas of child development. The study highlights the value of this professional figure in the school setting; however, further research is needed to establish structured programs and evaluate the long-term effects of the proposed interventions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/84826