Background: Preoperative anxiety is generally a common experience among individuals undergoing surgery. It is often considered a natural part of the surgical process and, when necessary, treated solely with pharmacological therapy. However, the literature suggests that anxiety can negatively affect the postoperative course in several ways, including increased perceived pain, higher analgesic consumption, more difficult functional recovery, and a greater incidence of complications. In this context, the nurse plays a central role in ensuring the highest possible level of well-being for the patient, by providing care focused not only on clinical management but also on emotional support and stress reduction related to the surgical experience. Objective: To identify the most effective non-pharmacological strategies to ensure the well-being of patients during the preoperative period by reducing anxiety and concerns associated with surgery. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted on non-pharmacological strategies for managing preoperative anxiety, focusing on studies published in the last 10 years involving adult patients. The search identified 113 articles, excluding duplicates, of which 23 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Results: Non-pharmacological strategies for managing preoperative anxiety are based on a variety of approaches. Some emphasize communication and relational skills, such as the use of personalized information and an empathetic approach to the patient; others focus on emotional support and the enhancement of personal resources, as in the case of motivational interviewing. Additional strategies involve sensory or cognitive stimulation: music therapy promotes relaxation, virtual reality serves as a distraction tool, and aromatherapy uses the relaxing properties of certain essential oils to reduce emotional tension. Mind-body strategies also emerged, such as Rajyoga meditation and relaxation exercises, which proved effective by working on breathing and thought management to support relaxation. Other effective interventions include acupuncture, hypnosis, and guided imagery. Finally, informational videos provided to patients before surgery help reduce uncertainty and doubts about the procedure, increasing familiarity with the surgical process and improving the patient’s perceived control over events. Discussion and conclusions: The literature highlights the importance of adequately managing anxiety to prevent possible repercussions on the postoperative course and promote a better overall care experience. The wide range of available strategies allows for the selection of the most suitable intervention based on the context and individual patient needs. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of their existence, applicability, and benefits for the patient, and to consider integrating them into routine care where possible. Practical application may be limited by organizational and resource-related factors, particularly the need for healthcare professionals trained in specific practices and integrated into the care pathway. It is also crucial for healthcare professionals to be properly educated and sensitized to the importance of preoperative emotional well-being, using the skills inherent to their role to contribute to anxiety reduction. Key words: Preoperative anxiety, Surgical patient, Anxiety management, Non-pharmacological strategies, Preoperative well-being, Nursing care
Background: L’ansia preoperatoria è in genere un'esperienza comune nelle persone che affrontano un intervento chirurgico. Può essere spesso considerato un fatto naturalmente connesso al percorso operatorio e come tale, se necessario, trattato con la sola terapia farmacologica. La letteratura sostiene che l’ansia può influenzare negativamente il decorso postoperatorio sotto diversi aspetti, tra cui un aumento del dolore percepito, un maggior consumo di analgesici, un recupero funzionale più difficoltoso e una maggiore incidenza di complicanze. In questo contesto, il ruolo dell'infermiere assume un'importanza centrale nel garantire il massimo livello di benessere possibile per la persona, attraverso un'assistenza mirata non solo alla gestione degli aspetti clinici, ma anche al supporto emotivo e alla riduzione dello stress correlato all’esperienza chirurgica. Obiettivo: Individuare le migliori strategie non farmacologiche per garantire il benessere alla persona nel periodo preoperatorio riducendo l’ansia e la preoccupazione connesse all’intervento chirurgico. Materiali e metodi: È stata condotta una revisione della letteratura sulle strategie non farmacologiche per la gestione dell'ansia preoperatoria, considerando le pubblicazioni degli ultimi 10 anni che trattavano pazienti adulti. La ricerca ha permesso di individuare, dopo esclusione dei duplicati, 113 articoli, 23 dei quali sono stati valutati idonei alla revisione. Risultati: Le strategie non farmacologiche per la gestione dell'ansia preoperatoria si basano su approcci diversificati. Alcune mettono in evidenza le competenze di comunicazione e relazione, come l’uso di informazioni personalizzate e l’approccio empatico; altre sono incentrate sul sostegno emotivo e sulla valorizzazione delle risorse personali come nel caso dell’intervista motivazionale. Altre strategie si basano su stimoli sensoriali o cognitivi: la musicoterapia favorisce il rilassamento, la realtà virtuale è uno strumento di distrazione, mentre l’aromaterapia sfrutta le proprietà rilassanti di determinati oli essenziali per attenuare la tensione emotiva. Sono emerse anche alcune strategie “mente-corpo”, come la meditazione Rajyoga e gli esercizi di rilassamento, che si sono rivelate efficaci lavorando sulla respirazione e sulla gestione dei pensieri per favorire e sostenere il rilassamento. Altri interventi efficaci sono l'agopuntura, l'ipnosi e l'immaginazione guidata. Infine, i video informativi somministrati ai pazienti nel preoperatorio riducono l’incertezza e i dubbi legati all’intervento, promuovendo una maggiore familiarità con il percorso chirurgico e migliorando la percezione di controllo degli avvenimenti da parte dell’assistito. Discussione e conclusioni: La letteratura suggerisce l'importanza di una gestione adeguata dell'ansia, per prevenire possibili ripercussioni sul decorso postoperatorio e promuovere una migliore esperienza complessiva di cura. Le strategie disponibili sono numerose e diversificate, permettendo così di individuare l’intervento più adatto al contesto e al singolo paziente. Per questo motivo, è necessario conoscerne l’esistenza e l’applicabilità oltre che gli effetti positivi per l’assistito e, ove possibile, provare ad integrarle nella routine assistenziale. Rispetto a ciò sono da considerare i limiti nell’applicazione pratica in termini organizzativi e di risorse; in particolare la necessità di operatori preparati sulle pratiche specifiche e integrati nel percorso sanitario. Si ritiene fondamentale inoltre che gli operatori sanitari siano adeguatamente formati e sensibilizzati sull’importanza del benessere emotivo preoperatorio, sfruttando anche quelle competenze che fanno parte del proprio ruolo per contribuire alla riduzione dell’ansia. Parole chiave: Ansia preoperatoria, Paziente chirurgico, Gestione dell’ansia, Strategie non farmacologiche, Benessere preoperatorio, Assistenza infermieristica
Benessere preoperatorio dell'assistito: influenza sul percorso chirurgico e strategie di intervento
PIFFANELLI, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Preoperative anxiety is generally a common experience among individuals undergoing surgery. It is often considered a natural part of the surgical process and, when necessary, treated solely with pharmacological therapy. However, the literature suggests that anxiety can negatively affect the postoperative course in several ways, including increased perceived pain, higher analgesic consumption, more difficult functional recovery, and a greater incidence of complications. In this context, the nurse plays a central role in ensuring the highest possible level of well-being for the patient, by providing care focused not only on clinical management but also on emotional support and stress reduction related to the surgical experience. Objective: To identify the most effective non-pharmacological strategies to ensure the well-being of patients during the preoperative period by reducing anxiety and concerns associated with surgery. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted on non-pharmacological strategies for managing preoperative anxiety, focusing on studies published in the last 10 years involving adult patients. The search identified 113 articles, excluding duplicates, of which 23 were deemed eligible for inclusion. Results: Non-pharmacological strategies for managing preoperative anxiety are based on a variety of approaches. Some emphasize communication and relational skills, such as the use of personalized information and an empathetic approach to the patient; others focus on emotional support and the enhancement of personal resources, as in the case of motivational interviewing. Additional strategies involve sensory or cognitive stimulation: music therapy promotes relaxation, virtual reality serves as a distraction tool, and aromatherapy uses the relaxing properties of certain essential oils to reduce emotional tension. Mind-body strategies also emerged, such as Rajyoga meditation and relaxation exercises, which proved effective by working on breathing and thought management to support relaxation. Other effective interventions include acupuncture, hypnosis, and guided imagery. Finally, informational videos provided to patients before surgery help reduce uncertainty and doubts about the procedure, increasing familiarity with the surgical process and improving the patient’s perceived control over events. Discussion and conclusions: The literature highlights the importance of adequately managing anxiety to prevent possible repercussions on the postoperative course and promote a better overall care experience. The wide range of available strategies allows for the selection of the most suitable intervention based on the context and individual patient needs. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of their existence, applicability, and benefits for the patient, and to consider integrating them into routine care where possible. Practical application may be limited by organizational and resource-related factors, particularly the need for healthcare professionals trained in specific practices and integrated into the care pathway. It is also crucial for healthcare professionals to be properly educated and sensitized to the importance of preoperative emotional well-being, using the skills inherent to their role to contribute to anxiety reduction. Key words: Preoperative anxiety, Surgical patient, Anxiety management, Non-pharmacological strategies, Preoperative well-being, Nursing careFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/85471