Atypical Fibroxanthoma (AFX) and Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma (PDS) are two tumor entities that share numerous clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. They are rare cutaneous neoplasms with a complex differential diagnosis, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and mesenchymal tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate a RETrospective cohort of 71 cases, including 36 classified as AFX and 35 as PDS, collecting clinical and follow-up data, and conducting an in-depth analysis of histological and molecular data. All samples were histologically re-evaluated for morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. A subset of 18 cases (8 AFX and 10 PDS) underwent molecular analysis using Next Generation Sequencing. The goal was to comprehensively characterize these neoplasms to provide pathologists with distinctive markers, potentially exclusive or highly specific for these lesions. By focusing on immunohistochemical and molecular analysis, the study yielded significant results for differential diagnosis and understanding the biological underpinnings of AFX and PDS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed consistent negativity for epithelial and melanocytic markers in all examined cases. Conversely, CD10 was positively expressed in all tested samples. The markers p40 and p63 showed predominantly negative expression: p40 was absent in 84.6% of AFX cases and 77.7% of PDS cases. CD68 was expressed in all AFX cases (100%) and in most PDS cases (75%). Similarly, p53 showed a predominantly positive expression pattern in analyzed cases: 4 AFX cases showed clonal positivity, while one PDS case was classified as “null.” Regarding muscle markers, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin were negative in 68.7% of AFX cases. In PDS cases, no clear predominance of positivity was observed (46.8%); in the remaining cases, positivity was found only for SMA. Overall, the findings are consistent with the immunohistochemical profiles reported in the literature for AFX and PDS. The most frequently mutated genes in the PDS group were TP53 (70%), mTOR (30%), NF1, CDKN2A, TERT, MET, NTRK1, and ERBB3 (all 20%). In AFX cases, the most prevalent mutations were in CDKN2A (75%), TP53 (75%), TERT (50%), mTOR (37.5%), ROS1 (37.5%), TSC1 (37.5%), FGFR4, RET, FGFR1, and ERBB3 (each 25%). Mutations were stratified by clinical impact: in the PDS group, TP53, CDKN2A, NF1, and TERT were pathogenic in 100% of cases, whereas mTOR and MET were of uncertain significance. In the AFX group, CDKN2A and TERT were pathogenic in 83.3% and 100% respectively, TP53 in 71.4%, with the remaining mutations being mostly of uncertain or likely pathogenic significance. TP53 mutations in PDS were C>T or CC>TT transitions in 57.1% of cases, and in AFX in 16.6%, suggesting a UV-induced mutational signature. In two selected cases (one from each group), molecular alterations correlated with p53 immunohistochemical expression. In other cases, discrepancies were observed. Lastly, TERT promoter mutations were found in 2 PDS and 4 AFX cases, all characterized by C>T transitions, again consistent with a UV-induced mutational signature. This study provided new molecular insights that warrant further investigation to identify prognostic and predictive markers for future research and the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Il fibroxantoma atipico (AFX) e il sarcoma dermico pleomorfo (PDS) sono due entità tumorali che condividono numerose caratteristiche cliniche, istopatologiche, immunoistochimiche e molecolari. Si tratta di neoplasie cutanee rare e dalla diagnostica differenziale complessa che include il carcinoma squamoso, il melanoma e i tumori mesenchimali. L’obiettivo dello studio è stato valutare una coorte retrospettiva composta da 71 casi, di cui 36 classificati come AFX e 35 come PDS, raccogliendone i dati clinici e di follow-up, e conducendo un’analisi approfondita dei dati istologici e molecolari. Tutti i campioni sono stati rivalutati istologicamente per le caratteristiche morfologiche e immunoistochimiche. Successivamente, un sottogruppo di 18 casi (8 AFX e 10 PDS) è stato sottoposto ad analisi molecolare con metodica NGS. Lo scopo è stato quello di caratterizzare nel modo più completo possibile queste neoplasie, al fine di fornire al patologo dei marker distintivi, potenzialmente esclusivi o altamente specifici per tali lesioni. Concentrandosi sull’analisi immunoistochimica e molecolare, lo studio ha permesso di ottenere risultati rilevanti ai fini della diagnosi differenziale e della comprensione delle basi biologiche di AFX e PDS. L’analisi immunoistochimica ha evidenziato una negatività costante per i marcatori di derivazione epiteliale e melanocitaria in tutti i casi esaminati. Al contrario, il marcatore CD10 è risultato positivamente espresso in tutti i campioni in cui è stato investigato. I marcatori p40 e p63 hanno mostrato un’espressione prevalentemente negativa: p40 è risultato assente nell’84,6% dei casi di AFX e nel 77,7% dei casi di PDS. CD68 è stato espresso nella totalità dei casi di AFX (100%) e nella maggior parte dei casi di PDS (75%). Analogamente, p53 ha mostrato un pattern di espressione prevalentemente positivo nei casi in cui è stato analizzato: 4 casi di AFX presentavano una positività clonale, mentre un caso di PDS è stato classificato come “null”. Per quanto riguarda i marcatori muscolari, actina ML e desmina sono risultati negativi nel 68,7% dei casi di AFX. Nei casi di PDS, non si osserva una chiara prevalenza di positività (46,8%); nei restanti casi, è stata riscontrata positività esclusiva per il solo marker actina ML. I dati riportati risultano complessivamente in linea con quanto descritto in letteratura per quanto riguarda il profilo immunoistochimico di AFX e PDS. I geni più frequentemente mutati nel gruppo PDS risultano essere TP53 (70%), mTOR (30%), NF1, CDKN2A, TERT, MET, NTRK1 ed ERBB3 (tutti con il 20%); nei casi AFX si osservano mutazioni prevalenti in CDKN2A (75%), TP53 (75%), TERT (50%), mTOR (37,5%), ROS1 (37,5%), TSC1 (37,5%), FGFR4, RET, FGFR1 e ERBB3 nel 25% dei casi rispettivamente. Le mutazioni sono state stratificate secondo l’impatto clinico: nel gruppo PDS, TP53, CDKN2A, NF1 e TERT risultano patogenici nel 100% dei casi, mentre mTOR e MET sono varianti di significato incerto. Nel gruppo AFX, CDKN2A e TERT mostrano mutazioni patogeniche nel 83,3% e 100%, TP53 nel 71,4%, mentre i rimanenti sono prevalentemente a significato incerto o probabilmente patogenico. Considerando TP53, le mutazioni nel gruppo PDS sono per il 57,1% di tipo C>T o CC>TT e nel gruppo AFX 16,6%, suggerendo una firma mutazionale UV-correlata. In due casi selezionati (uno per ciascun gruppo), è stato possibile confrontare il profilo molecolare con l’espressione immunoistochimica di p53, ritrovando una corrispondenza tra alterazione molecolare e espressione all’IHC. Nei rimanenti casi, è presente una discrepanza. Infine, sono state rilevate mutazioni del promotore di TERT in 2 casi PDS e 4 AFX, tutte caratterizzate dalla transizione C>T, anche in questo caso compatibile con una firma mutazionale UV-indotta. Questo studio ha fornito nuovi punti di interesse molecolare sui quali è utile un’indagine più approfondita, per la ricerca futura.
Profilazione immunoistochimica e molecolare del Fibroxantoma Atipico e del Sarcoma Dermico Pleomorfo: uno studio comparativo
FERRARI, BENEDETTA
2024/2025
Abstract
Atypical Fibroxanthoma (AFX) and Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma (PDS) are two tumor entities that share numerous clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. They are rare cutaneous neoplasms with a complex differential diagnosis, including squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and mesenchymal tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate a RETrospective cohort of 71 cases, including 36 classified as AFX and 35 as PDS, collecting clinical and follow-up data, and conducting an in-depth analysis of histological and molecular data. All samples were histologically re-evaluated for morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics. A subset of 18 cases (8 AFX and 10 PDS) underwent molecular analysis using Next Generation Sequencing. The goal was to comprehensively characterize these neoplasms to provide pathologists with distinctive markers, potentially exclusive or highly specific for these lesions. By focusing on immunohistochemical and molecular analysis, the study yielded significant results for differential diagnosis and understanding the biological underpinnings of AFX and PDS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed consistent negativity for epithelial and melanocytic markers in all examined cases. Conversely, CD10 was positively expressed in all tested samples. The markers p40 and p63 showed predominantly negative expression: p40 was absent in 84.6% of AFX cases and 77.7% of PDS cases. CD68 was expressed in all AFX cases (100%) and in most PDS cases (75%). Similarly, p53 showed a predominantly positive expression pattern in analyzed cases: 4 AFX cases showed clonal positivity, while one PDS case was classified as “null.” Regarding muscle markers, smooth muscle actin (SMA) and desmin were negative in 68.7% of AFX cases. In PDS cases, no clear predominance of positivity was observed (46.8%); in the remaining cases, positivity was found only for SMA. Overall, the findings are consistent with the immunohistochemical profiles reported in the literature for AFX and PDS. The most frequently mutated genes in the PDS group were TP53 (70%), mTOR (30%), NF1, CDKN2A, TERT, MET, NTRK1, and ERBB3 (all 20%). In AFX cases, the most prevalent mutations were in CDKN2A (75%), TP53 (75%), TERT (50%), mTOR (37.5%), ROS1 (37.5%), TSC1 (37.5%), FGFR4, RET, FGFR1, and ERBB3 (each 25%). Mutations were stratified by clinical impact: in the PDS group, TP53, CDKN2A, NF1, and TERT were pathogenic in 100% of cases, whereas mTOR and MET were of uncertain significance. In the AFX group, CDKN2A and TERT were pathogenic in 83.3% and 100% respectively, TP53 in 71.4%, with the remaining mutations being mostly of uncertain or likely pathogenic significance. TP53 mutations in PDS were C>T or CC>TT transitions in 57.1% of cases, and in AFX in 16.6%, suggesting a UV-induced mutational signature. In two selected cases (one from each group), molecular alterations correlated with p53 immunohistochemical expression. In other cases, discrepancies were observed. Lastly, TERT promoter mutations were found in 2 PDS and 4 AFX cases, all characterized by C>T transitions, again consistent with a UV-induced mutational signature. This study provided new molecular insights that warrant further investigation to identify prognostic and predictive markers for future research and the development of new therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi di Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico_ Ferrari Benedetta_ Profilazione immunoistochimica e molecolare del Fibroxantoma Atipico e del Sarcoma Dermico Pleomorfo- uno studio comparativo..pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86191