ABSTRACT Background. Heart transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure in the pediatric population. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor graft function and to detect early complications such as acute rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Although echocardiography is the imaging modality of reference, conventional parameters have limitations in detecting subclinical alterations. In this context, atrial function is emerging as a potential prognostic marker. Advanced echocardiography with speckle tracking enables the assessment of atrial strain, particularly in the reservoir and contractile phases, providing a more sensitive evaluation of atrial mechanics and potentially improving risk stratification during post-transplant follow-up. Purpose. The aims of this study were: a) to compare atrial strain parameters between our pediatric heart transplant population and healthy pediatric controls; b) to investigate the potential role of atrial reservoir and contractile strain in predicting rejection or overall outcomes in transplant recipients. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on 25 pediatric patients who underwent heart transplantation between January 2008 and March 2025, followed at the Pediatric Cardiology Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. For each patient, echocardiographic exams performed at the time of endomyocardial biopsy and approximately one month apart were analyzed. In patients with at least one episode of rejection, an echocardiogram associated with a negative biopsy was also included to allow intraindividual comparison. Additional echocardiograms performed in proximity to cardiac catheterization and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, as well as serial studies over time, were evaluated to assess the progression of echocardiographic parameters. The analysis included both conventional and advanced parameters, such as left and right atrial strain (reservoir and contractile phases), global longitudinal strain (GLS), strain of the free wall and global 4 strain of the right ventricle (RV-FWS, GS), peak strain dispersion (PSD), myocardial work (MW), and derived indices. Results. The main findings were: a) in patients with biopsy-proven rejection, there was a trend toward reduced LA strain ct (p=0.087), a significant increase in PSD (p=0.01), and a significant decrease in GWI (p=0.039) and GWE (p=0.03); b) LA strain R showed a significant inverse correlation with right atrial pressure (ρ = –0.523; p=0.046), which in turn correlated with wedge pressure (ρ = 0.510; p=0.052); c) during follow-up of patients with rejection, a significant reduction in RA strain ct (p=0.004), a significant increase in LVPWd (p=0.011), and a reduction in delta LA strain ct (p=0.056) were observed. Conclusions. This study highlights the potential of advanced echocardiography, particularly atrial strain, in the follow-up of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Advanced parameters proved more sensitive than conventional ones in detecting subclinical changes, especially in the presence of rejection. In patients with rejection, a reduction in right atrial strain and an increase in posterior ventricular wall thickness suggest possible chronic myocardial damage. Longitudinal analysis showed recovery of left ventricular function and, to a lesser extent, atrial function. These findings support the role of atrial strain in risk stratification and early diagnosis, although confirmation from prospective multicenter studies is needed.
Presupposti dello studio. Il trapianto cardiaco rappresenta la cura definitiva per l’insufficienza cardiaca terminale in età pediatrica. Un follow-up prolungato è fondamentale per monitorare la funzione del graft e individuare precocemente complicanze come rigetto acuto e vasculopatia del cuore trapiantato (CAV). Sebbene l’ecocardiografia sia l’esame di riferimento, i parametri convenzionali presentano limiti nel rilevare alterazioni subcliniche. In questo contesto, la funzione atriale si propone come indicatore prognostico emergente. L’ecocardiografia avanzata consente l’analisi dello strain atriale offrendo una valutazione più sensibile della meccanica atriale per migliorare la stratificazione del rischio nel follow-up post-trapianto. Scopo dello studio. Gli obiettivi dello studio sono stati: a) confrontare i parametri di strain atriale fra la popolazione pediatrica cardiotrapiantata e quella sana; b) indagare il potenziale ruolo dello strain atriale reservoir e contrattile nel follow-up dei riceventi come predittore di rigetto o di esiti complessivi. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 25 pazienti sottoposti a trapianto cardiaco in età pediatrica tra gennaio 2008 e marzo 2025, seguiti presso il Servizio di Cardiologia Pediatrica dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Per ciascun paziente sono stati analizzati gli esami ecocardiografici eseguiti in concomitanza con la biopsia endomiocardica e a circa un mese di distanza. Nei pazienti con almeno un episodio di rigetto è stata inclusa anche un’ecocardiografia associata a biopsia negativa, per confrontare i dati in presenza e assenza di rigetto. Sono stati inoltre considerati gli ecocardiogrammi eseguiti in prossimità del cateterismo cardiaco e del test da sforzo, oltre a quelli seriati nel tempo, per valutare l’evoluzione dei parametri ecocardiografici. L’analisi ha incluso parametri convenzionali e avanzati, tra cui strain atriale sinistro e destro (fasi reservoir e contrattile), strain longitudinale globale del ventricolo sinistro (GLS), strain della parete libera e globale del ventricolo destro (RV-FWS, GS), peak strain dispersion (PSD), myocardial work (MW) e indici derivati. Risultati. I principali risultati dello studio sono: a) nei pazienti con rigetto alla biopsia si è osservata una tendenza alla riduzione del LA strain ct (p=0,087), un aumento significativo del PSD (p=0,01) e una riduzione del GWI (p=0,039) e GWE (p=0,03); b) il LA strain R ha mostrato una correlazione inversa con la pressione atriale destra (ρ=-0,523; p=0,046), a sua volta correlata alla wedge pressure (ρ=0,510; p=0,052); c) nel follow-up dei pazienti con rigetto si è riscontrata una riduzione del RA strain ct (p=0,004), un aumento del LVPWd (p=0,011) e una riduzione del delta strain LA ct (p=0,056). Conclusioni. Lo studio ha evidenziato il potenziale dell’ecocardiografia avanzata, in particolare dello strain atriale, nel follow-up post-trapianto cardiaco pediatrico. I parametri avanzati si sono dimostrati più sensibili di quelli convenzionali nel rilevare alterazioni subcliniche, soprattutto in presenza di rigetto. Nei pazienti con rigetto si è riscontrata una riduzione dello strain atriale destro e un aumento dello spessore ventricolare posteriore, indicativi di un possibile danno cronico. L’analisi longitudinale ha mostrato un recupero della funzione ventricolare e, parzialmente, di quella atriale. I risultati supportano il valore dell’ecocardiografia avanzata per una migliore stratificazione del rischio e diagnosi precoce, pur richiedendo conferme da studi prospettici multicentrici.
Studio della meccanica atriale nel follow-up di pazienti cardiotrapiantati in età pediatrica
CASADEI MONTI, SOFIA
2024/2025
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background. Heart transplantation is the only definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure in the pediatric population. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor graft function and to detect early complications such as acute rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Although echocardiography is the imaging modality of reference, conventional parameters have limitations in detecting subclinical alterations. In this context, atrial function is emerging as a potential prognostic marker. Advanced echocardiography with speckle tracking enables the assessment of atrial strain, particularly in the reservoir and contractile phases, providing a more sensitive evaluation of atrial mechanics and potentially improving risk stratification during post-transplant follow-up. Purpose. The aims of this study were: a) to compare atrial strain parameters between our pediatric heart transplant population and healthy pediatric controls; b) to investigate the potential role of atrial reservoir and contractile strain in predicting rejection or overall outcomes in transplant recipients. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on 25 pediatric patients who underwent heart transplantation between January 2008 and March 2025, followed at the Pediatric Cardiology Unit of the University Hospital of Padua. For each patient, echocardiographic exams performed at the time of endomyocardial biopsy and approximately one month apart were analyzed. In patients with at least one episode of rejection, an echocardiogram associated with a negative biopsy was also included to allow intraindividual comparison. Additional echocardiograms performed in proximity to cardiac catheterization and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, as well as serial studies over time, were evaluated to assess the progression of echocardiographic parameters. The analysis included both conventional and advanced parameters, such as left and right atrial strain (reservoir and contractile phases), global longitudinal strain (GLS), strain of the free wall and global 4 strain of the right ventricle (RV-FWS, GS), peak strain dispersion (PSD), myocardial work (MW), and derived indices. Results. The main findings were: a) in patients with biopsy-proven rejection, there was a trend toward reduced LA strain ct (p=0.087), a significant increase in PSD (p=0.01), and a significant decrease in GWI (p=0.039) and GWE (p=0.03); b) LA strain R showed a significant inverse correlation with right atrial pressure (ρ = –0.523; p=0.046), which in turn correlated with wedge pressure (ρ = 0.510; p=0.052); c) during follow-up of patients with rejection, a significant reduction in RA strain ct (p=0.004), a significant increase in LVPWd (p=0.011), and a reduction in delta LA strain ct (p=0.056) were observed. Conclusions. This study highlights the potential of advanced echocardiography, particularly atrial strain, in the follow-up of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Advanced parameters proved more sensitive than conventional ones in detecting subclinical changes, especially in the presence of rejection. In patients with rejection, a reduction in right atrial strain and an increase in posterior ventricular wall thickness suggest possible chronic myocardial damage. Longitudinal analysis showed recovery of left ventricular function and, to a lesser extent, atrial function. These findings support the role of atrial strain in risk stratification and early diagnosis, although confirmation from prospective multicenter studies is needed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86271