Background: HIV infection remains a global health burden. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to a significant reduction of HIV-related mortality, transforming HIV infection into a chronic disease. However, people living with HIV infection must deal with a chronic state of inflammation. Alongside cART side effects and standard cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation contributes to an overall increased cardiovascular risk. Most of available evidence refers to adult population. Due to their younger age, children, adolescents and young adults with vertical HIV infection are exposed to chronic disease and cardiovascular risk factors over a longer period. Therefore, targeted and standardized evaluation of this cohort is required. Early cardiovascular risk monitoring is necessary in this population, to prevent major cardiovascular events. Aims of the study: To assess the cardiovascular status in a cohort of children, adolescents and young adults with vertically transmitted HIV infection; to analyse its evolution over a ten-year period; to evaluate correlations between cardiovascular parameters and cohort’s clinical characteristics. Materials and methods: Single centre observational longitudinal study, with a retrospective component. 49 children, adolescents and young adults (11-40 years old) with vertically transmitted HIV infection were recruited during 2024-2025. Vascular and cardiac performance data were then compared to previous data from part of the same cohort, assessed in timeframe 2015-2016. All patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory testing, advanced transthoracic echocardiography and vascular ultrasound. Results were compared to literature reference values. Descriptive statistics summarized clinical variables, normality was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test. The continuous variables were tested for correlation using the Spearman’s test, rejecting the null hypothesis for a p-value <0.05, Moreover, a multivariate analysis was performed using the quantile multivariate with Hall-Sheather Bandwidth method. T test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for paired comparisons, as appropriate. Results: Mean age was 27.39, 61.2% female. 30.6% showed elevated cIMT value, 4.08% had pathological cfPWV, 6.12% had impaired FMD, and 14.30% had pathological GLS. Significant changes were observed between 2015 and 2025: both biplane and 3D EF decreased (p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively), indicating a gradual decline in cardiac function despite cART. Conversely, FMD increased (p=0.02), possibly reflecting improved endothelial function or variability in measurement. GLS positively correlated with CD4% (rho= 0.37, p=0.01), even after multivariate adjustment for sex, BMI, EF, diastolic function and other strain components, suggesting a link between disease progression and cardiac dysfunction. Sex-related differences emerged: GWW (rho=-0.3, p=0.04) and GWE (rho=0.29, p=0.04) were both significantly associated with sex, suggesting a major cardiovascular involvement in males. GCW inversely correlated with LVEDd (rho=-0.4, p =0.01), suggesting an early alteration in LV geometry and function in these patients. GWI inversely correlated with FMD (rho=0.34, p=0.03) suggesting interplay between myocardial work and endothelial function. Conclusions: Subclinical cardiac and vascular dysfunctions are detectable in young vertically HIV-infected patients despite chronic cART. Although conventional ejection fraction was preserved in nearly all patients, advanced imaging revealed subtle myocardial alterations, supporting its value in early risk stratification, especially in males, who appear more vulnerable.These findings support routine cardiovascular screening to prevent long-term complications in this high-risk population.
Presupposti dello studio: L'infezione da HIV rimane ancora oggi un importante onere sanitario globale. L'introduzione della terapia antiretrovirale di combinazione (cART) ha trasformato l'infezione in una malattia cronica. L’infiammazione cronica che ne deriva, in sinergia con gli effetti collaterali della cART e i fattori di rischio cardiovascolare tradizionali, contribuisce ad un aumento complessivo del rischio cardiovascolare. Obiettivi dello studio: Valutare la salute cardiovascolare in una coorte di bambini, adolescenti e giovani adulti con infezione verticale da HIV; valutare la sua evoluzione nell’arco di 10 anni; valutare le correlazioni tra alterazioni cardiovascolari e variabili cliniche. Materiali e metodi: Studio osservazionale monocentrico, longitudinale, con componente retrospettiva. Nel biennio 2024-2025 sono stati reclutati 49 bambini, adolescenti e giovani adulti (11-40 anni) con infezione verticale da HIV. I dati riguardanti la salute vascolare e cardiaca sono stati confrontati con i dati ottenuti in passato da una parte della stessa coorte, nel biennio 2015-2016. Tutti i pazienti sono stati valutati clinicamente, attraverso esami ematochimici, con ecocardiografia transtoracica avanzata ed ecografia vascolare. I risultati sono stati rapportati agli intervalli di riferimento presenti in letteratura. La statistica descrittiva ha riassunto le variabili cliniche e strumentali, la normalità è stata valutata mediante il test di Shapiro-Wilk. La ricerca di correlazioni per le variabili continue è stata effettuata mediante test di Spearman, rifiutando l’ipotesi nulla per un p-value <0.05. La regressione quantilica è stata eseguita con selezione della larghezza di banda secondo il metodo Hall-Sheather. T-test per dati appaiati o Wilcoxon signed-rank test sono stati utilizzati per confrontare i dati delle due coorti, dipendentemente dalla loro distribuzione. Risultati: L’età media dei pazienti era di 27.39 anni, 61.2% femmine. Il 30.6% dei pazienti mostrava un valore cIMT sopra il range di normalità, il 4.08% presentava una cfPWV patologica, il 6.12% mostrava alterata FMD e il 14.30% riportava un GLS patologico. Per quanto riguarda l’evoluzione dello stato cardiovascolare nel tempo, si osservavano delle differenze significative tra il 2015 e il 2025. Si registrava un declino subclinico della frazione di eiezione, sia calcolata con metodo biplano (p=0.003) che mediante 3D (p<0.001), indicando un deperimento della funzione miocardica nonostante la terapia cART. Al contrario, si osservava un aumento della FMD (p=0.02), forse associato ad un miglioramento della funzione endoteliale o alla variabilità nella misurazione di tale parametro. L’analisi statistica ha mostrato una correlazione diretta tra GLS e CD4%, che persisteva anche dopo aggiustamento per sesso, BMI, EF, funzione diastolica (E/A) e strain atriale, suggerendo una relazione tra progressione di malattia e disfunzione cardiaca. Il parametro GCW del Myocardial Work si è mostrato inversamente correlato con il LVEDD (rho= -0.4, p=0.04), suggerendo l’interdipendenza tra geometria ventricolare e funzione del ventricolo sinistro in questi pazienti. Il parametro GWI correlava inversamente con la FMD (rho = 0.34, p= 0.03), suggerendo in questa popolazione il coinvolgimento dell’intero asse cuore-vasi. Sono infine emerse delle correlazioni tra funzionalità cardiaca e genere. I pazienti di sesso maschile mostravano un GWW maggiore e un GWE inferiore rispetto alle pazienti di sesso femminile, suggerendo un maggior coinvolgimento dell’apparato cardiovascolare negli uomini. Conclusioni: Questo studio sottolinea la necessità di sottoporre questa vulnerabile popolazione a un regolare e standardizzato monitoraggio cardiovascolare, che si avvalga, possibilmente, di metodiche ecocardiografiche avanzate ed ecografiche vascolari.
Valutazione multiparametrica della salute vascolare e della performance miocardica in una coorte di bambini, adolescenti e giovani adulti con infezione verticale da HIV in terapia cART
CUCCU, MIRCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: HIV infection remains a global health burden. The introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has led to a significant reduction of HIV-related mortality, transforming HIV infection into a chronic disease. However, people living with HIV infection must deal with a chronic state of inflammation. Alongside cART side effects and standard cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation contributes to an overall increased cardiovascular risk. Most of available evidence refers to adult population. Due to their younger age, children, adolescents and young adults with vertical HIV infection are exposed to chronic disease and cardiovascular risk factors over a longer period. Therefore, targeted and standardized evaluation of this cohort is required. Early cardiovascular risk monitoring is necessary in this population, to prevent major cardiovascular events. Aims of the study: To assess the cardiovascular status in a cohort of children, adolescents and young adults with vertically transmitted HIV infection; to analyse its evolution over a ten-year period; to evaluate correlations between cardiovascular parameters and cohort’s clinical characteristics. Materials and methods: Single centre observational longitudinal study, with a retrospective component. 49 children, adolescents and young adults (11-40 years old) with vertically transmitted HIV infection were recruited during 2024-2025. Vascular and cardiac performance data were then compared to previous data from part of the same cohort, assessed in timeframe 2015-2016. All patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory testing, advanced transthoracic echocardiography and vascular ultrasound. Results were compared to literature reference values. Descriptive statistics summarized clinical variables, normality was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test. The continuous variables were tested for correlation using the Spearman’s test, rejecting the null hypothesis for a p-value <0.05, Moreover, a multivariate analysis was performed using the quantile multivariate with Hall-Sheather Bandwidth method. T test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for paired comparisons, as appropriate. Results: Mean age was 27.39, 61.2% female. 30.6% showed elevated cIMT value, 4.08% had pathological cfPWV, 6.12% had impaired FMD, and 14.30% had pathological GLS. Significant changes were observed between 2015 and 2025: both biplane and 3D EF decreased (p=0.003 and p<0.001, respectively), indicating a gradual decline in cardiac function despite cART. Conversely, FMD increased (p=0.02), possibly reflecting improved endothelial function or variability in measurement. GLS positively correlated with CD4% (rho= 0.37, p=0.01), even after multivariate adjustment for sex, BMI, EF, diastolic function and other strain components, suggesting a link between disease progression and cardiac dysfunction. Sex-related differences emerged: GWW (rho=-0.3, p=0.04) and GWE (rho=0.29, p=0.04) were both significantly associated with sex, suggesting a major cardiovascular involvement in males. GCW inversely correlated with LVEDd (rho=-0.4, p =0.01), suggesting an early alteration in LV geometry and function in these patients. GWI inversely correlated with FMD (rho=0.34, p=0.03) suggesting interplay between myocardial work and endothelial function. Conclusions: Subclinical cardiac and vascular dysfunctions are detectable in young vertically HIV-infected patients despite chronic cART. Although conventional ejection fraction was preserved in nearly all patients, advanced imaging revealed subtle myocardial alterations, supporting its value in early risk stratification, especially in males, who appear more vulnerable.These findings support routine cardiovascular screening to prevent long-term complications in this high-risk population.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tesi Mirco Cuccu.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
5.26 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
5.26 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86272