The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is one of the main tools within the European framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the objectives set out in the Paris Climate Agreement and the European Green Deal. Introduced in 2005 through Directive 2003/87/EC, and aligned with the Kyoto Protocol, the EU ETS adopts a “cap-and-trade” system. This approach sets a gradually decreasing ceiling on total emissions allowed and establishes a market in which emission allowances can be traded according to the needs of regulated entities. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the practical functioning of the EU ETS, highlighting its complexity and examining its regulatory evolution over time. The first section explores the international legal instruments on which the EU ETS is based and focuses on a central theoretical foundation essential to understanding the system’s assumptions: the Coase Theorem. The thesis then proceeds to analyze the current operation of the system, focusing on both the auction process conducted on the European Energy Exchange (EEX) platform and the functioning of the secondary market, including the role of the various types of contracts involved. Finally, the work discusses some key mechanisms implemented within the system, such as the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) and the more recent Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The study concludes with an outlook on the future of the EU emissions trading system, specifically the ETS2 — a parallel market designed to cover certain sectors currently excluded from the EU ETS, though it presents some uncertainties regarding its coordination and the achievement of its objectives.
L’European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) è uno degli strumenti principali all’interno del panorama europeo per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, coerente con gli obiettivi proposti dall’Accordo sul clima di Parigi e dal Green Deal europeo. Introdotto nel 2005 con la Direttiva 2003/87/CE, in linea col Protocollo di Kyoto, l’EU ETS adotta un sistema “cap-and-trade”, ossia un approccio che prevede un tetto massimo di emissioni consentite destinato a diminuire in maniera graduale e un mercato che consente lo scambio dei diritti di emissioni sulla base delle esigenze dei soggetti regolamentati. Questa tesi si pone l’obiettivo principale di analizzare il concreto funzionamento dell’EU ETS, sottolineandone la sua complessità e analizzandone inoltre l’evoluzione normativa nel corso del tempo. Nella parte iniziale vengono approfonditi gli strumenti normativi internazionali su cui l’EU ETS si poggia ed inoltre viene attenzionato un teorema centrale per comprendere alcuni presupposti teorici di questo sistema, ossia il Teorema di Coase. Di seguito viene analizzato dunque il suo funzionamento attuale, concentrandosi sia sullo svolgimento delle aste sulla piattaforma European Energy Exchange (EEX) e sia sullo svolgimento del mercato secondario e sul ruolo dei vari tipi di contratto esistenti. Infine si passa alla spiegazione di alcuni meccanismi centrali adottati dal sistema, come il Market Stability Reserve (MSR) e il più recente Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). L’elaborato si conclude con quello che sarà il futuro del sistema di scambio di quote di emissioni europeo, ovvero l’ETS2, un nuovo mercato parallelo che ha lo scopo di coprire alcuni settori esclusi dall’EU ETS, che presenta tuttavia alcune incertezze riguardo il suo coordinamento e il raggiungimento dei suoi obiettivi.
EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM: CARATTERISTICHE E PROSPETTIVE
FRANCESCHIN, SEBASTIANO
2024/2025
Abstract
The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is one of the main tools within the European framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the objectives set out in the Paris Climate Agreement and the European Green Deal. Introduced in 2005 through Directive 2003/87/EC, and aligned with the Kyoto Protocol, the EU ETS adopts a “cap-and-trade” system. This approach sets a gradually decreasing ceiling on total emissions allowed and establishes a market in which emission allowances can be traded according to the needs of regulated entities. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the practical functioning of the EU ETS, highlighting its complexity and examining its regulatory evolution over time. The first section explores the international legal instruments on which the EU ETS is based and focuses on a central theoretical foundation essential to understanding the system’s assumptions: the Coase Theorem. The thesis then proceeds to analyze the current operation of the system, focusing on both the auction process conducted on the European Energy Exchange (EEX) platform and the functioning of the secondary market, including the role of the various types of contracts involved. Finally, the work discusses some key mechanisms implemented within the system, such as the Market Stability Reserve (MSR) and the more recent Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). The study concludes with an outlook on the future of the EU emissions trading system, specifically the ETS2 — a parallel market designed to cover certain sectors currently excluded from the EU ETS, though it presents some uncertainties regarding its coordination and the achievement of its objectives.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86317