Background: Patients affected by HBOC syndrome (hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) have an increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer compared to the general population. The most effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer, a malignancy characterized by a high mortality rate, is prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy RRSO), which is recommended by NCCN guidelines for BRCA1 carriers between the ages of 35 and 40, and for BRCA2 carriers between 40 and 45 years. Considering that the average age of natural menopause is approximately 51 years, this procedure leads to the onset of early iatrogenic menopause, with potentially significant consequences for metabolic health and quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to evaluate, in women carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy before the age of 45, its impact on metabolism by assessing cardiovascular, liver, and bone profiles, as well as subjective symptoms related to cognitive function and gynaecological symptoms. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 76 patients carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations who underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy between 2010 and 2025, and who had the procedure before the age of 45. A comparative sub-analysis was conducted between two subgroups: patients aged 40 years or younger and those aged between 41 and 45 years at the time of surgery. Results: Within two years after RRSO, 18,42% of patients reported a decrease in libido, 34,211% vaginal dryness, 14,47% dyspareunia, and 44,74% vasomotor symptoms. Mood disorders (anxiety and depression) were reported in 14.47% of cases, while cognitive disturbances (memory and concentration impairment) were noted in 13,16%. New-onset headache and fatigue were reported by 0,21% and 10,53% of patients, respectively. Sleep disturbances were reported by 27,63%. Regarding metabolic alterations, 3.95% developed hypertension, 13,16% hypercholesterolemia, 2,63% hypertriglyceridemia, and no one showed hepatic metabolism abnormalities. As for bone health, among 44 patients who underwent bone densitometry (DEXA scan) approximately two years after RRSO, 43,18% had normal bone density, 45,45% showed osteopenia, 9,09% osteoporosis, and 2,27% severe osteoporosis. Only 11,84% of patients were on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after surgery. The sub-analysis showed a higher incidence of subjective symptoms (gynaecological, cognitive, and mood disorders) in the group of patients who underwent surgery at age 40 or younger. Conclusions: Although RRSO is a crucial procedure for the prevention of ovarian cancer in high-risk patients, it is associated with significant consequences related to early menopause, including a reduced quality of life and metabolic alterations, particularly affecting bone health. Younger patients appear to be more susceptible to postoperative subjective symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to ensure a structured and multidisciplinary follow-up for optimal management of the post-RRSO period.
Presupposti dello studio: Le pazienti affette da sindrome HBOC (carcinoma mammario e ovarico ereditario) presentano un rischio aumentato di sviluppare tumore al seno e all’ovaio rispetto alla popolazione generale. La strategia di prevenzione più efficace per ridurre il rischio di sviluppare tumore ovarico, una neoplasia caratterizzata da elevato tasso di mortalità, è l’intervento di annessiectomia bilaterale profilattica (Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy, RRSO), raccomandato dalle linee guida NCCN tra i 35 e i 40 anni per le portatrici di BRCA1 e tra i 40 e i 45 per le pazienti BRCA2 mutate. Considerando che l’età media della menopausa naturale è di circa 51 anni, tale intervento comporta l’insorgenza di menopausa iatrogena precoce, con possibili rilevanti ripercussioni sulla salute metabolica e sulla qualità di vita. Scopo dello studio: Lo scopo di questo studio è valutare nelle donne portatrici di mutazione BRCA1 o BRCA2, che si sono sottoposte ad annessiectomia bilaterale profilattica prima dei 45 anni, l’impatto sul metabolismo, andando a valutare l’assetto cardiovascolare, epatico ed osseo, e sulla sintomatologia soggettiva in termini di funzioni cognitive e sintomi ginecologici. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati raccolti i dati di 76 pazienti portatrici di mutazione dei geni BRCA1 e BRCA2, sottoposte ad annessiectomia bilaterale profilattica nel periodo compreso tra il 2010 e il 2025, e che hanno eseguito l’intervento prima dei 45 anni. È stata condotta una sub-analisi comparativa tra due sottogruppi: pazienti con età inferiore o uguale a 40 anni e con età compresa tra i 41 e i 45 anni al momento dell’intervento. Risultati: Entro due anni dalla RRSO, il 18,42% delle pazienti ha riferito calo della libido, il 34,21% secchezza vaginale, il 14,47% dispareunia e il 44,74% sintomi vasomotori. Alterazioni del tono dell’umore (ansia e depressione) sono state riportate nel 14,47% dei casi, mentre disturbi cognitivi (alterazioni della memoria e concentrazione) nel 13,16%. Cefalea e astenia di nuova insorgenza sono state segnalate rispettivamente dal 9,21% e dal 10,53% delle pazienti, mentre i disturbi del sonno dal 27,63%. Per quanto riguarda le alterazioni del metabolismo, il 3,95% delle pazienti ha sviluppato ipertensione, il 13,16% ipercolesterolemia, il 2,63% ipertrigliceridemia e nessuna paziente ha presentato alterazioni del metabolismo epatico. In merito alla salute ossea, su 44 pazienti che hanno eseguito una MOC a circa due anni dalla RRSO, il 43,18% ha mostrato densità ossea nella norma, il 45,45% osteopenia, il 9,09% osteoporosi e il 2,27% osteoporosi grave. Solo l’11,84% delle pazienti assumeva terapia ormonale sostitutiva (TOS) nel post-intervento. La sub-analisi ha evidenziato una maggiore incidenza di sintomi soggettivi (ginecologici, cognitivi e alterazioni dell’umore) nel gruppo di pazienti operate in età inferiore o uguale a 40 anni. Conclusioni: La RRSO, pur essendo un intervento fondamentale nella prevenzione del carcinoma ovarico nelle pazienti ad alto rischio, è associata a significative conseguenze legate alla menopausa precoce, tra cui peggioramento della qualità di vita e alterazioni metaboliche, in particolare ossee. Le pazienti più giovani sembrano essere maggiormente esposte a sintomi soggettivi post-operatori. Dunque, è fondamentale garantire un follow-up strutturato e multidisciplinare per una gestione ottimale del periodo post-RRSO.
Menopausa precoce profilattica nelle pazienti BRCA mutate: impatto su metabolismo e qualità di vita
CRIVELLARO, SILVIA MARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Background: Patients affected by HBOC syndrome (hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) have an increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer compared to the general population. The most effective preventive strategy to reduce the risk of developing ovarian cancer, a malignancy characterized by a high mortality rate, is prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy RRSO), which is recommended by NCCN guidelines for BRCA1 carriers between the ages of 35 and 40, and for BRCA2 carriers between 40 and 45 years. Considering that the average age of natural menopause is approximately 51 years, this procedure leads to the onset of early iatrogenic menopause, with potentially significant consequences for metabolic health and quality of life. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to evaluate, in women carrying a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation who underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy before the age of 45, its impact on metabolism by assessing cardiovascular, liver, and bone profiles, as well as subjective symptoms related to cognitive function and gynaecological symptoms. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 76 patients carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations who underwent prophylactic bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy between 2010 and 2025, and who had the procedure before the age of 45. A comparative sub-analysis was conducted between two subgroups: patients aged 40 years or younger and those aged between 41 and 45 years at the time of surgery. Results: Within two years after RRSO, 18,42% of patients reported a decrease in libido, 34,211% vaginal dryness, 14,47% dyspareunia, and 44,74% vasomotor symptoms. Mood disorders (anxiety and depression) were reported in 14.47% of cases, while cognitive disturbances (memory and concentration impairment) were noted in 13,16%. New-onset headache and fatigue were reported by 0,21% and 10,53% of patients, respectively. Sleep disturbances were reported by 27,63%. Regarding metabolic alterations, 3.95% developed hypertension, 13,16% hypercholesterolemia, 2,63% hypertriglyceridemia, and no one showed hepatic metabolism abnormalities. As for bone health, among 44 patients who underwent bone densitometry (DEXA scan) approximately two years after RRSO, 43,18% had normal bone density, 45,45% showed osteopenia, 9,09% osteoporosis, and 2,27% severe osteoporosis. Only 11,84% of patients were on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after surgery. The sub-analysis showed a higher incidence of subjective symptoms (gynaecological, cognitive, and mood disorders) in the group of patients who underwent surgery at age 40 or younger. Conclusions: Although RRSO is a crucial procedure for the prevention of ovarian cancer in high-risk patients, it is associated with significant consequences related to early menopause, including a reduced quality of life and metabolic alterations, particularly affecting bone health. Younger patients appear to be more susceptible to postoperative subjective symptoms. Therefore, it is essential to ensure a structured and multidisciplinary follow-up for optimal management of the post-RRSO period.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86458