Background of the study: Medullary thyroid micro-carcinoma (mMTC) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that originates from the parafollicular thyroid, defined as micro-MTC (mMTC) for dimensions less than or equal to 1 cm. MTC occurs in 75% of cases in sporadic form, often associated with somatic mutations of the RET or RAS oncogene, while in the remaining 25% in hereditary form, associated with syndromes such as MEN2A and MEN2B. mMTC represents a minority fraction of MTCs although it is configured as a clinically relevant entity due to its potentially aggressive behavior, despite its small size, including the significant possibility of developing early lymph node metastases. Furthermore, the diagnosis is most often incidental and late, due to the indolent course of the disease. Aim of the study: to outline the outcome of mMTC and identify prognostic factors. Materials and methods: Seventy-eight patients affected by sporadic and familial mMTC were considered. Sporadic cases were analyzed for the presence of somatic RET or RAS mutations. For all patients, several clinicopathological factors were taken into account: sex, age at diagnosis, TNM stage at diagnosis, size and number of primary tumors (mono or multifocal), grading. The median follow-up was 78.5 months. Results: the study analyzed a sample of 78 patients with mMTC, 55 women (70%) and 23 men (30%). The median age at diagnosis was 50.12 years (interquartile range, RIQ 32.1-62.6). Among the analyzed patients 46 (58.97%) had sporadic TCM, 32 (41.03%) a hereditary TCM. The median size of the primary tumor was 0.6 cm (RIQ 0.4-0.8 cm), 48/78 patients (61.5%) had a tumor larger than or equal to 5 mm, while the other 30/78 (38.5%) had a tumor smaller than 5 mm. Regarding the outcome, 50/78 (64.1%) showed an excellent response, 22/78 (28.2%) an incomplete biochemical response and 6/78 (7.7%) an incomplete structural response. The study showed a significant association between the somatic RET mutation, lymph node involvement (N1) and advanced stage of pathology (III-IV) with the persistence of structural disease at the end of follow up. In fact, 22% (2/9) of patients with somatic mutation of RET presented persistence of structural disease versus no patient RET wild-type (p=0.0167), while 50% of patients (3/6) with structural disease (3/6) was N1 versus 10% (7/70) of N0 (p= 0.01). In addition, 50% of patients with structural disease had advanced stage (IV) cancer (p=0.004). Survival free from structural disease was longer in wild-type RET patients (mean 376 months) than in patients with mutated RET (mean 152 months) (p= 0.0316). There was a significant association between an incomplete response to therapy (biochemical + structural) with lymph node involvement (N1) and the advanced stage of the tumor. In fact, incomplete response to therapy was present in 80% of N1 patients (8/10) versus 30% of N0 patients (18/60) (p= 0.0026), and in 77.8% of advanced stage patients (III-IV) versus 27% of stage I-II patients. (p=0.0027). In addition, structural and biochemical disease-free survival was higher in patients with tumors < 0.5cm (mean 258.4 months) compared to patients with tumors 0.5 cm (mean 132 months) (p=0.0024). Conclusions: there was a significant correlation between the presence of the disease at the end of the follow-up with specific RET mutations, lymph node involvement at diagnosis, and the stage of the disease, which criteria are therefore important unfavourable prognostic indicators as regards the outcome of the patient affected by mMTC.
Presupposti dello studio: Il carcinoma midollare della tiroide (MTC) è una rara neoplasia neuroendocrina che trae origine dalle parafollicolari della tiroide, definita micro-MTC (mMTC) per dimensioni inferiori o uguali a 1 cm. L’MTC si presenta nel 75% dei casi in forma sporadica, associata spesso a mutazioni somatiche dell’oncogene RET o RAS, mentre nel restante 25% in forma ereditaria, associato a sindromi quali MEN2A e MEN2B. Il mMTC rappresenta una frazione minoritaria degli MTC sebbene si configuri, come un’entità clinicamente rilevante a causa del suo comportamento potenzialmente aggressivo, nonostante le ridotte dimensioni, inclusa la significativa possibilità che si sviluppino metastasi linfonodali precoci. Inoltre, la diagnosi è il più delle volte incidentale e tardiva, a causa del decorso indolente della patologia. Finalità dello studio: delineare l’outcome del mMTC e identificazione dei fattori prognostici. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati presi in considerazione 78 pazienti affetti da mMTC sporadico e familiare. I casi sporadici sono stati analizzati per la presenza di mutazioni somatiche di RET o RAS. Per tutti i pazienti sono stati presi in considerazione diversi fattori clinico-patologici: sesso, età alla diagnosi stadio TNM alla diagnosi, le dimensioni ed il numero dei tumori primitivi (mono o multifocalità), il grading, Il follow-up mediano è stato di 78,5 mesi. Risultati: lo studio ha analizzato un campione di 78 pazienti con mMTC, di cui 55 donne (70%) e 23 uomini (30%). L’età mediana alla diagnosi era di 50,12 anni (range interquartile (IQR) 32,1-62,6 anni). 46 (58,97%) avevano un MTC sporadico, 32 (41,03%) un MTC ereditario. La mediana della dimensione del tumore primitivo era 0,6 cm (IQR 0,4-0,8 cm), 48/78 pazienti (61.5%) possedevano un tumore di dimensioni maggiori o uguali a 5 mm, mentre gli altri 30/78 (38,5%) presentavano un tumore primitivo di dimensioni inferiori a 5 mm. In relazione all’outcome, 50/78 (64,1%) hanno mostrato una risposta eccellente, 22/78 (28,2%) una risposta biochimica incompleta e 6/78 (7,7%) una risposta strutturale incompleta. Lo studio ha evidenziato un’associazione significativa fra la mutazione RET somatica, l’interessamento linfonodale (N1) e lo stadio avanzato della patologia (III-IV) con la persistenza di malattia strutturale al termine del follow up. Infatti, il 22% (2/9) dei pazienti con mutazione somatica di RET presentava persistenza di malattia strutturale versus nessun paziente RET wild-type (p=0,0167), mentre il 50% dei pazienti (3/6) con malattia strutturale (3/6) era N1 versus il 10% (7/70) degli N0 (p= 0,01). Inoltre, il 50% dei pazienti con malattia strutturale presentava un tumore di stadio avanzato (IV) (p=0,004). La sopravvivenza libera da malattia strutturale era più lunga nei pazienti RET wild-type (media 376 mesi) rispetto ai pazienti con RET mutato (media 152 mesi) (p= 0,0316).. Una risposta incompleta alla terapia (biochimica+strutturale) era presente nelll’80% dei pazienti N1 (8/10) versus il 30% dei pazienti N0 (18/60) (p= 0,0026), e nel 77,8% dei pazienti in stadio avanzato (III-IV) versus il 27% dei pazienti in stadio I-II. (p=0,0027). Inoltre, la sopravvivenza libera da malattia strutturale e biochimica era maggiore nei pazienti con tumori di dimensioni < 0,5cm (media 258,4 mesi) rispetto ai pazienti con tumori ≥ 0,5 cm (media 132 mesi) (p=0,0024). Conclusioni: è stata evidenziata una significativa correlazione tra la presenza della patologia al termine del follow up con la presenza della mutazione somatica di RET, il coinvolgimento linfonodale alla diagnosi, e lo stadio della patologia, i quali criteri costituiscono dunque importanti indicatori prognostici sfavorevoli per quel che concerne l’outcome del paziente affetto da mMTC
Fattori predittivi di outcome nel micro-carcinoma midollare della tiroide
COMIATO, CRISTIAN
2024/2025
Abstract
Background of the study: Medullary thyroid micro-carcinoma (mMTC) is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that originates from the parafollicular thyroid, defined as micro-MTC (mMTC) for dimensions less than or equal to 1 cm. MTC occurs in 75% of cases in sporadic form, often associated with somatic mutations of the RET or RAS oncogene, while in the remaining 25% in hereditary form, associated with syndromes such as MEN2A and MEN2B. mMTC represents a minority fraction of MTCs although it is configured as a clinically relevant entity due to its potentially aggressive behavior, despite its small size, including the significant possibility of developing early lymph node metastases. Furthermore, the diagnosis is most often incidental and late, due to the indolent course of the disease. Aim of the study: to outline the outcome of mMTC and identify prognostic factors. Materials and methods: Seventy-eight patients affected by sporadic and familial mMTC were considered. Sporadic cases were analyzed for the presence of somatic RET or RAS mutations. For all patients, several clinicopathological factors were taken into account: sex, age at diagnosis, TNM stage at diagnosis, size and number of primary tumors (mono or multifocal), grading. The median follow-up was 78.5 months. Results: the study analyzed a sample of 78 patients with mMTC, 55 women (70%) and 23 men (30%). The median age at diagnosis was 50.12 years (interquartile range, RIQ 32.1-62.6). Among the analyzed patients 46 (58.97%) had sporadic TCM, 32 (41.03%) a hereditary TCM. The median size of the primary tumor was 0.6 cm (RIQ 0.4-0.8 cm), 48/78 patients (61.5%) had a tumor larger than or equal to 5 mm, while the other 30/78 (38.5%) had a tumor smaller than 5 mm. Regarding the outcome, 50/78 (64.1%) showed an excellent response, 22/78 (28.2%) an incomplete biochemical response and 6/78 (7.7%) an incomplete structural response. The study showed a significant association between the somatic RET mutation, lymph node involvement (N1) and advanced stage of pathology (III-IV) with the persistence of structural disease at the end of follow up. In fact, 22% (2/9) of patients with somatic mutation of RET presented persistence of structural disease versus no patient RET wild-type (p=0.0167), while 50% of patients (3/6) with structural disease (3/6) was N1 versus 10% (7/70) of N0 (p= 0.01). In addition, 50% of patients with structural disease had advanced stage (IV) cancer (p=0.004). Survival free from structural disease was longer in wild-type RET patients (mean 376 months) than in patients with mutated RET (mean 152 months) (p= 0.0316). There was a significant association between an incomplete response to therapy (biochemical + structural) with lymph node involvement (N1) and the advanced stage of the tumor. In fact, incomplete response to therapy was present in 80% of N1 patients (8/10) versus 30% of N0 patients (18/60) (p= 0.0026), and in 77.8% of advanced stage patients (III-IV) versus 27% of stage I-II patients. (p=0.0027). In addition, structural and biochemical disease-free survival was higher in patients with tumors < 0.5cm (mean 258.4 months) compared to patients with tumors 0.5 cm (mean 132 months) (p=0.0024). Conclusions: there was a significant correlation between the presence of the disease at the end of the follow-up with specific RET mutations, lymph node involvement at diagnosis, and the stage of the disease, which criteria are therefore important unfavourable prognostic indicators as regards the outcome of the patient affected by mMTC.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/86464